Central Illustration.

Leveraging Influenza Vaccine Cardiovascular Outcome Trials for Coronavirus Disease 2019

Lessons learned from seasonal influenza vaccine development and mass production as well as 3 international influenza vaccine cardiovascular outcome trials assessing its cardioprotective effects in high-risk patients (INVESTED [INfluenza Vaccine to Effectively Stop cardioThoracic Events and Decompensated heart failure], IAMI [Influenza Vaccination After Myocardial Infarction], and IVVE [Influenza Vaccine to Prevent Adverse Vascular Events]) can inform future efforts geared at developing and evaluating novel therapies, including vaccine strategies, for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). On the world map, regions in dark blue, teal, and light blue represent countries involved in the INVESTED, IVVE, and IAMI trials, respectively.