Table 2.

Summary table of cervical spondylolisthesis in the sagittal plane

Spondylolisthesis	Summary
Etiology	Translation of vertebra with respect to vertebra below Abnormal weight distribution, soft tissue laxity, and instability Excessive joint play and degeneration of the IVD Abnormal spinal alignment and positional loading of the cervical spine May present with neck pain, radiculopathy, or no symptoms
Incidence	5.2 to 11%
Gender Ratio	Male:Female is 1.5:1 in grade 1 and 2.2:1 in grade 2 spondylolisthesis.
Age Predilection	Increase in prevalence after 60 years 33.3% of 20–59-years-olds; 66.7% of 60–99-years-olds
Risk Factors	Increased age, sex, facet hypertrophy, cervical hypolordosis/kyphosis, anterior head translation, cervical spondylosis/degeneration, history of cervical spine surgery Abnormal spinal alignment Correlation with cervicothoracic sagittal alignment factors
Treatment	Spinal fusion surgery to stabilize Non-surgical methods include active physical therapy, education or counseling for exercising, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, homeopathic remedies, soft tissue massage, trigger point therapy, spinal mobilization techniques to restricted areas, cryotherapy, and chiropractic
Prognosis	Degenerative condition unless the spine is stabilized
Findings on Imaging	Most common levels are C3–C4, C4–5, and C5–C6 followed by C6–C7 Radiograph imaging shows extent of segmental translation MRI shows extent of soft tissue damage