Figure 3.

AOT40-based wheat yield increases (%) in selected European countries, USA, China and South Korea due to emission reductions by 30% and 50% in the energy, industry and transport sectors in Europe (S1, S3, green), world (S2, S4, blue) and international shipping + aircraft sectors (S5, S6 grey). The upper/lower part of the stacked bar represents the 50% and 30% emission reduction scenario, respectively, while aviation emissions were down by 80%. The total yield increase (blue) is the sum of the world and ship/aviation. Reference emissions were taken from the ECLIPSEv5a emission database [21] for the CLE-2020 scenario. Energy, industry and transport emissions amount to 56.6 and 6.2 Tg NO₂ yr⁻¹ for the world and Europe, respectively. International shipping and aviation emissions are 23.0 and 3.4 Tg NO₂ yr⁻¹, respectively. (Online version in colour.)