Table 2.
Probable inactivation mechanism for enveloped and non-enveloped viruses (Meister et al., 2018, Duizer et al., 2004, He et al., 2004, Darnell et al., 2004, Rabenau et al., 2005, Kingsley et al., 2002, Croughan and Behbehani, 1988, Wilde et al., 2016, Jeong et al., 2010, Shin and Sobsey, 2008, Tree et al., 2003, Kratzel et al., 2020, Kampf et al., 2020, Hu et al., 2020, Glass and O’Brien, 1980, Kapuscinski and Mitchell, 1980, Xing et al., 2020, Vettori et al., 2000, Babich and Stotzky, 1979, Azadpour-Keeley and Ward, 2005, Schijven and Hassanizadeh, 2000, Yates and Jury, 1995, Park et al., 2011, Šim\uunek et al., 2016, Weber and Stilianakis, 2008, Andersen, 2019).
| Category | Virus |
Morphology |
Inactivation Mechanisms |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diameter (Average) | Genome Type | Genome Size | UV Light/ozone | Chloride/Iodide/Salts Compounds | Heat (Temperature Dependent) | Acid/Alcohol | Other | ||
| Enveloped Viruses | Coronavirus | 80–120 nm | +ss RNA | 26,000–32,000 bases | UV-C254 (4,016 μW/cm2), UV-A365 (2,133 μW/cm2), ϒ (3–15 k rad.)60Co (Glass and O’Brien, 1980) | Benzalkonium chloride & Laurylamine (RF > 3.8, 60 min) (Kapuscinski and Mitchell, 1980), didecyldimonium chloride (RF > 3.8, 60 min) (Kapuscinski and Mitchell, 1980), Hypochlorite (0.1–0.5%, 2–4 log10) (Šimunek et al., 2016) | Heat Treatment (> 65 °C) (Glass and O’Brien, 1980) Heat Treatment (60 °C, 30 min) (Kapuscinski and Mitchell, 1980), Heat on serum (56 °C, 30 min, 90% inactivation,7–14 min) (Weber and Stilianakis, 2008) | Sterillium (propanol, ethanol) (RF > 4.3, 30 s), (Ethanol, biphenylol)(Kapuscinski and Mitchell, 1980), Ethanol (80%v/v) (3.8 log10) and 2-propanol (75%v/v) (30 S, > 3.8 log10) (Park et al., 2011) | Catalytic Oxidation (Ag, 5 min & Cu, 20 min) (Hu et al., 2020), Formaldehyde (Glass and O’Brien, 1980) & Glutaraldehyde (Glass and O’Brien, 1980), (Kapuscinski and Mitchell, 1980), Incidin Plus, Wine Vinegar (Šimunek et al., 2016), Glutardialdehyde(2%,2–4 log10) (Šimunek et al., 2016) |
| Influenzavirus | 80–120 nm | ss RNA | 13,500 bases | UV-C Irradiation6 | Heat Treatment (70,80,90 °C, 5,2.5,1 min) (Azadpour-Keeley and Ward, 2005) | 70% Ethanol, 1-propanol (1 min) (Azadpour-Keeley and Ward, 2005) | 0.1 mol/LNaOH (Azadpour-Keeley and Ward, 2005), Ethylene Oxide surface treatment (Azadpour-Keeley and Ward, 2005) | ||
| Flavivirus | 50 nm | +ss RNA | 11,000 bases | – | 500 ppm Cl, 50 s (> 4 log10) (Babich and Stotzky, 1979) | Dry Heat Treatment (56–60 °C) (Babich and Stotzky, 1979) | Ammonium/Alcohol Product (> 3.5 log10), 70% isopropyl-alcohol (> 5 log10) (Babich and Stotzky, 1979) | – | |
| Simplexvirus | 150–245 nm | ds DNA | 152,000 | – | 50 mM Zinc Gluconate (2 hrs) (100% Reduction) (Xing et al., 2020), Alcide Disinfectant (Vettori et al., 2000) | Temp. of 56 °C in 30 min (Vettori et al., 2000) | Lysol, Listerine, Alcohol (Vettori et al., 2000) | – | |
| African Swine fever Virus | 170–190 nm | ds DNA | 189,000 bases | Nacl and Phosphate Salt (4, 12, 20, 25 °C) (Croughan and Behbehani, 1988) | |||||
| Non-Enveloped virus | Enetrovirus | 25–30 nm | +ss RNA | 7,200–8,500 bases | Ozone (Duizer et al., 2004) | Chlorine Dioxide (4 log reduction) (Meister et al., 2018), Monochloroamine (Wilde et al., 2016) | Heat (55 °C) (Jeong et al., 2010), Heat (70oC, 30 min) (Shin and Sobsey, 2008) | Methanol & Ethanol (90%) (Tree et al., 2003) | Marine bacteria (Pseudomonas & Vibrio) (He et al., 2004) |
| UV-C Irradiation (Rabenau et al., 2005) | |||||||||
| UV254 (Jeong et al., 2010), Sunlight (Jeong et al., 2010) | 2–4 log10 reduction | Activated Sludge Treatment (Andersen, 2019) | |||||||
| ϒ rays (1.0 Mrad) (Shin and Sobsey, 2008), UV (62.50 mW s cm−2,4 log10) (Yates and Jury, 1995) | Free Cl (Jeong et al., 2010), ClO2 (Jeong et al., 2010) | Anaerobic digestion under thermophilic condition (Shin and Sobsey, 2008) | |||||||
| HEV/HAV | 27–34 nm | +ss RNA | 7,200 bases | Irradiated with 0.6 J/cm2 after dilution with DMEM (Darnell et al., 2004) | Povidone Iodide (Darnell et al., 2004) | 80 °C for 5 min, after dilution with DMEM (Darnell et al., 2004) | Triton, Ethanol, Propanol (Darnell et al., 2004) | Hydrostatic Pressure Processing (300–450 MPa, 5 min) (Xing et al., 2020) | |
| Norovirus | 23–40 nm | +ss RNA | 7,500 bases | UV254 (25–100 mJ/cm2) 4 log10 reduction (Kratzel et al., 2020) | Nacl concn. (0.3, 1.3, 3.3, 6.3% [wt/vol])(Kingsley et al., 2002), Monochloroamine (Wilde et al., 2016), free Cl (1 & 5 mg/L)(Schijven and Hassanizadeh, 2000) | 24–85 °C (20 days) (Kingsley et al., 2002) | – | – | |
| 4 log reduction (60 °C, 10 min) | |||||||||
| Inactivated (85 °C, < 1 min) (Kingsley et al., 2002) | |||||||||
| Calicivirus | 27–40 nm | +ss RNA | 7,500–8,500 bases | UV254 (25–100 mJ/cm2) 4 log10 reduction (Kratzel et al., 2020), UV-B (0–150 mJ/cm2)(Kampf et al., 2020), UV (62.50 mW s cm-2,4 log10)(Yates and Jury, 1995) | Sodium Hypochlorite (300 ppm) (Kampf et al., 2020), Free Cl (30 mg/L, 5 min, 4 log10)(Yates and Jury, 1995) | 3 log reduction at 71.3 °C (Kingsley et al., 2002) | 70% Ethanol (30 min) 3 log10 reduction (Kampf et al., 2020) | – | |
| Astrovirus | 28–35 nm | +ss RNA | 6,800–7,900 bases | – | – | – | Methanol & Ethanol (90%) (Tree et al., 2003) | – | |
| Rotavirus | 76.5 nm | ds RNA | 37,100 bases | propan-1-ol, propan-2-ol, butan-2-ol (40%) (104x drop) (Tree et al., 2003) | |||||
| Adenovirus | 90–100 nm | ds DNA | 26,000–48,000 bases | Monochloroamine (Wilde et al., 2016) | |||||
DMEM-Dulbecco Modified Eagle Medium; ss-single strand, ds-double strand.