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. 2020 Oct 5;10:16467. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-72362-3

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Sleep microstructure and arousal index correlations. WT red, Cyclin D2^−/− blue. Each sub-figure shows the group comparison per 24 h recording at baseline and during the learning period (mean of days 1–3). (A) Slow oscillation count. (B) Sleep spindle count. (C) Sleep spindle density in count per min. (D) Modulation index of phase-amplitude coupling (PAC). (E) Correlation of sleep spindle count with arousal index (r = − 0.612; p = 0.004). (F) Correlation of arousal index NREM sleep duration (r = − 0.573; p = 0.008). (G) Correlation of arousal index with NREM to REM sleep ratio (r = − 0.722; p < 0.001). (n = 10 per group; two-sided unpaired t-test for group comparison and two-sided paired t-test for baseline learning comparison; *: p < 0.05; **: p < 0.01; Pearson’s correlation coefficient with two-sided test).