Table 1.
Patients’ characteristics.
| Total | Valvular disease | DCM | HCM | Others | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 165 | 78 | 29 | 25 | 33 | |
| Demographic data | ||||||
| Age, year | 65 (51–73) | 69 (63–76) | 55 (38–65) | 65 (52–69) | 56 (40–73) | < 0.001 |
| Women/men | 81/84 | 46/32 | 7/22 | 16/9 | 12/21 | 0.002 |
| New York Heart Association class III–IV (%) | 9 (5) | 3 (4) | 1 (3) | 3 (12) | 2 (6) | 0.572 |
| History | ||||||
| Hypertension (%) | 79 (48) | 43 (55) | 10 (34) | 5 (20) | 21 (64) | 0.002 |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 44 (27) | 18 (24) | 12 (41) | 4 (16) | 10 (30) | 0.159 |
| Stroke (%) | 19 (12) | 9 (12) | 3 (10) | 2 (8) | 5 (15) | 0.857 |
| Atrial fibrillation (%) | 52 (32) | 23 (29) | 9 (31) | 8 (32) | 12 (36) | 0.916 |
| Physical findings | ||||||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 111 ± 15 | 116 ± 14 | 105 ± 16 | 106 ± 15 | 109 ± 16 | 0.002 |
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 69 ± 12 | 66 ± 12 | 73 ± 11 | 67 ± 10 | 72 ± 14 | 0.039 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23 (20–25) | 22 (20–24) | 23 (21–27) | 22 (21–25) | 22 (20–26) | 0.198 |
| Medications | ||||||
| β-Blockers (%) | 97 (59) | 25 (32) | 26 (90) | 20 (80) | 26 (79) | < 0.001 |
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers (%) | 95 (57) | 41 (53) | 23 (79) | 8 (32) | 23 (70) | 0.008 |
| Loop diuretics (%) | 75 (45) | 31 (40) | 20 (69) | 6 (24) | 18 (55) | 0.004 |
| Aldosterone antagonists (%) | 57 (35) | 15 (19) | 20 (69) | 6 (24) | 16 (48) | < 0.001 |
| Statins (%) | 57 (35) | 30 (38) | 7 (24) | 8 (32) | 12 (36) | 0.565 |
| Laboratory data | ||||||
| IS (μg/ml) | 0.79 (0.44–1.24) | 0.77 (0.49–1.13) | 0.77 (0.43–1.20) | 0.94 (0.29–1.54) | 0.87 (0.44–1.26) | 0.896 |
| Albumin (g/dl) | 4.3 ± 0.4 | 4.3 ± 0.3 | 4.3 ± 0.4 | 4.3 ± 0.4 | 4.1 ± 0.4 | 0.168 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dl) | 13.1 ± 1.7 | 12.6 ± 1.5 | 14.3 ± 1.4 | 13.2 ± 1.7 | 13.3 ± 2.1 | < 0.001 |
| BUN (mg/dl) | 17 (14–21) | 17 (15–21) | 15 (14–20) | 19 (15–25) | 17 (14–21) | 0.090 |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.8 (0.7–0.9) | 0.7 (0.6–0.9) | 0.9 (0.8–1.0) | 0.7 (0.6–0.9) | 0.8 (0.7–1.0) | 0.002 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 69 (58–79) | 68 (59–79) | 69 (57–78) | 69 (59–75) | 71 (54–82) | 0.977 |
| Uric acid (mg/dl) | 5.7 (4.7–7.3) | 5.5 (4.6–6.8) | 6.9 (5.4–8.8) | 5.4 (4.9–6.5) | 6.4 (5.2–8.0) | 0.022 |
| BNP (pg/ml) | 106 (54–249) | 91 (52–177) | 155 (54–324) | 291 (90–454) | 106 (49–240) | 0.007 |
| Echocardiography data | ||||||
| n | 165 | 78 | 29 | 25 | 33 | |
| LVEDD (mm) | 55 ± 12 | 51 ± 9 | 67 ± 7 | 47 ± 11 | 59 ± 12 | < 0.001 |
| LVESD (mm) | 38 (29–53) | 33 (27–38) | 60 (54–64) | 26 (23–42) | 49 (37–57) | < 0.001 |
| %FS (%) | 30 (16–39) | 36 (30–40) | 9 (8–15) | 38 (21–44) | 18 (14–24) | < 0.001 |
| LVEF (%) | 53 (30–63) | 63 (53–67) | 23 (18–31) | 63 (43–68) | 32 (23–43) | < 0.001 |
| E/A | 1.0 (0.7–1.8) | 1.0 (0.6–1.9) | 1.5 (0.7–2.5) | 1.0 (0.8–1.6) | 0.8 (0.7–1.6) | 0.490 |
| DcT (ms) | 203 (164–254) | 223 (134–280) | 162 (123–209) | 214 (173–312) | 187 (146–248) | < 0.001 |
| E/e′ | 12 (9–17) | 14 (10–18) | 11 (9–15) | 15 (11–18) | 10 (8–14) | 0.015 |
| IVC, mm | 13 (10–16) | 13 (11–16) | 14 (10–17) | 12 (9–15) | 12 (8–19) | 0.553 |
| Central hemodynamics data | ||||||
| n | 165 | 78 | 29 | 25 | 33 | |
| Mean RA pressure (mmHg) | 4 (2–5) | 4 (2–6) | 3 (2–4) | 4 (3–5) | 3 (2–5) | 0.198 |
| Mean PA pressure (mmHg) | 18 (14–23) | 18 (14–22) | 16 (13–24) | 19 (15–25) | 17 (12–23) | 0.505 |
| Mean PCW pressure (mmHg) | 11 (7–14) | 11 (8–13) | 8 (5–15) | 12 (9–16) | 10 (5–14) | 0.114 |
| LV end-diastolic pressure (mmHg) | 14 (8–20) | 12 (10–18) | 15 (7–22) | 21 (15–24) | 10 (7–15) | < 0.001 |
| Cardiovascular events (%) | 33 (20) | 9 (12) | 6 (21) | 8 (32) | 10 (30) | 0.047 |
Date are expressed as numbers of patients (n), percentages and median values (25th–75th percentiles) or mean ± SD.
DCM dilated cardiomyopathy, HCM hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, IS indoxyl sulfate, BUN blood urea nitrogen, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, BNP B-type natriuretic peptide, LVEDD left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic dimension; LVESD LV end-systolic dimension, FS fractional shortening, LVEF LV ejection fraction, E Peak velocity of early diastolic filling, A Late diastolic filling due to atrial contraction, DcT deceleration time, e' early diastolic mitral annular tissue velocity, IVC inferior vena cava, RA right atrial, PA pulmonary artery, PCW pulmonary capillary wedge.