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. 2020 Sep 22;7:544814. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.544814

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Copyright © 2020 Liang, Tabler and Dridi.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Heat stress reduces the intracellular ATP levels and activates AMPK. AMPK is a heterotrimeric kinase containing a catalytic subunit alpha (AMPKa), and two regulatory subunits beta and gamma (AMPKb and AMPKg). AMPK is activated by AMP nucleotide binding and through reversible phosphorylation on Thr 172 residue (A). Activation of AMPK promotes catabolic pathways to generate more ATP, and inhibits anabolic pathways. SPRINK reverse the effects of HS on AMPK activation and preserves the intracellular ATP levels (B,C). AMP, adenosine monophosphate; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; HS, heat stress; TN, thermoneutral. Figure 4B was adapted from Rajaei-Sharifabadi et al. (31) and used with permission.