TABLE 2.
Nutraceuticals effective against neurodegeneration via autophagy in vivo.
| Nutraceuticals | Disease model | Dose/Signaling | References |
| Polyphenols | |||
| Resveratrol | AD-AβPP/PS1 mice | 1% for 10 months-AMPK/Sirtuin | Porquet et al., 2014; Guo et al., 2016; Hu et al., 2017; Zhao et al., 2017; Wang P. et al., 2018; Vidoni et al., 2018; Pineda-Ramirez et al., 2020 |
| Brain ischemia rat | 1.8 mg/kg- AMPK/Beclin1 | ||
| Spinal cord injury rat and mice | 200 mg/kg/day i.p. for 3 days-LKB1/AMPK | ||
| PD-MPTP mice | 100 mg/kg/day for 33 days-Sirtuin 1-LC3 | ||
| Curcumin | AD-APP/PS1 mice | 160–1000 ppm for 6 months-Downregulated PIK3Akt/mTOR | Wang C. et al., 2014; Song et al., 2016; Gao et al., 2017; Li et al., 2017 |
| Traumatic brain injury-rat | 25–100 mg/kg-Enhanced Beclin 1, LC3 | Achour et al., 2016; Lauretti et al., 2017; Cordero et al., 2018; | |
| Oleuropein aglycone | AD-TgCRND8 mice PD mice | 5 mg/kg diet for 8 weeks-AMPK activation, mTOR inhibition EVOO-rich diet for 6 months-Atg5-Atg7-AMPK | Rigacci et al., 2015; Al Rihani et al., 2019 |
| Flavonoids | |||
| Quercetin | AD-PD mice | 5 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks | Ashrafizadeh et al., 2019b; Liu et al., 2019; Zhang et al., 2020 |
| Traumatic brain injury-rat | 50 mg/kg i.p. for 12–24h | ||
| Silymarin | Forebrain ischemia-rat | 7 mg/kg-reduced autophagic flux | Hirayama et al., 2016 |
| Baicalein | PD-Rotenone injected mice | 100 mg/kg i.p. for 5 weeks-LC3 activation | Kuang et al., 2017 |
| Alkaloids | |||
| Berberine | AD and HD mice | 40 mg/kg-Akt inhibition | Jiang et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2017. |
| Spinal cord injury-rat | 20 mg/kg-AMPK activation | Chen et al., 2020 | |
| Caffeine | PD mice | 1 g/L for 3 months-LC3II-LAMP2A activation | Luan et al., 2018 |
| Terpenes | |||
| Ginaton | Brain ischemia mice | 50 mg/kg for 14 days-AMPK activation | Tian et al., 2017; Li et al., 2019b |
| Carotenoids | Traumatic brain injury mice | 50–200 mg/kg i.g.-Beclin 1-LC3 activation | Zhang et al., 2017 |
| Others | |||
| β-Asarone | AD-APP/PS1 mice | 10 mg/kg-Beclin 1-Akt reduction | Deng et al., 2016 |
| Melatonin | SAH rats | 5–10 mg/kg i.v.-abnormal autophagy decrease | Cao et al., 2017; Shi et al., 2018 |
| Trehalose | Batten disease mice | 2% oral-TFEB activation | He et al., 2016; Holler et al., 2016; Tien et al., 2016; Palmieri et al., 2017 |
| AD, PD, FTD mice | |||