TABLE 3.

Summary of significant differences between conditions: FAMILIAR Gesture, UNFAMILIAR Gesture, and SPEECH Alone.

		FAMILIAR vs. SPEECH	FAMILIAR vs. UNFAMILIAR	UNFAMILIAR vs. SPEECH
(1) Speech evaluation
Exp 1: Mandarin	Words misheard	*	*	n.s.
	Accent	**	*	n.s.
	Tone	*	n.s.	n.s.
	Memory test	*	n.s.	**
Exp 2: Japanese	Words misheard	***	n.s.	*
	Accent	**	n.s.	n.s.
	Memory test	n.s.	n.s.	n.s.
(2) Learner evaluation
Exp 1: Mandarin	Confidence	*	n.s.	*
	Nervousness	n.s.	n.s.	n.s.
	Comm. Effectiveness	**	n.s.	*
	Months studying	n.s.	n.s.	n.s.
Exp 2: Japanese	Confidence	***	n.s.	***
	Nervousness	***	*	***
	Comm. Effectiveness	**	*	n.s.
	Months studying	*	n.s.	n.s.

* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. In all cases, the direction of differences was more positive evaluation (e.g., less words misheard, more words memorized, more confidence, and less nervousness) for FAMILIAR than SPEECH, FAMILIAR than UNFAMILIAR, and UNFAMILIAR than SPEECH.