Fig. 3. Baseline measurements of oxidative stress in RBCs.

a In vivo redox oxidation produces denatured Hb, known as the low-spin hemichrome (HC). HC can be chemically induced using sodium salicylate (SLS) in in vitro environment. b The T₁–T₂ relaxometry coordinates of RBCs baseline readings of non-DM subjects (blue, n = 23) and subjects with poor glycaemic control (red, n = 68). c Baseline readings of RBCs samples with A-ratio index of subjects with poor glycaemic controls (n = 62) and good glycaemic control (n = 50) subgroup as compared to healthy non-DM subjects (n = 20). The subjects with poor glycaemic controls were further subdivided into >8% HbA_1c (n = 47) and >10% HbA_1c (n = 15) subgroups. The A-ratio for the subgroups were in increasing trends for non-DM to DM due to increasing formation of HC (Supplementary Fig. 4). The statistical significance was calculated using the Student’s T-test (two-tailed, unequal variance). The data is represented by box-plot format.