Table 1.
PICOs, inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria applied to database search.
| PICOS | Inclusion criteria | Exclusion criteria |
|---|---|---|
| Population | Undergraduate and postgraduate medical students, residents, and/or postgraduate and clinical clerkship | General Surgery and Surgical Specialties |
| Tutors and learners in General Medicine, including Allergy and Immunology, Clinical Medicine, Community Medicine, Dermatology, General Practice, Geriatrics, Hospital Medicine, Neurology, Palliative Medicine, and Internal Medicine (Cardiology, Endocrinology, Gastroenterology, Hematology, Immunology, Infectious Disease, Nephrology, Respiratory Medicine, and Rheumatology) | Pathology, Radiology, Pediatrics, Psychiatry, Emergency Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Anesthesia, Allied Health (Dietetics, Occupational Therapy, Psychology, Chiropractic, Midwifery, Social Work), Nursing, and Clinical and Translational Science | |
| Tutors and learners in Clinical, Academia or Research setting. | Non-medical professions (e.g. Science, Veterinary, Dentistry) | |
| Peer, Near-peer, Mosaic, and E-mentoring | ||
| Tutoring, Preceptorship, Coaching, Role Modeling, Advising, and Sponsorship | ||
| Intervention | Interventions by HOs to create, modify, or evaluate novice mentoring processes or programs | |
| Comparison | Comparisons of the various characterizations, definitions, roles and descriptions of the HO and its impact upon the mentoring process, the mentoring relationship and oversight of the mentoring program | |
| Outcome | Concepts and constructs of HO | |
| Impact of HO and its impact upon the mentoring process, the mentoring relationship, and oversight of the mentoring program | ||
| Study design | Articles in English or translated to English | |
| All study designs including | ||
| Mixed methods research, meta-analyses, systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, case-control studies, cross-sectional studies, and descriptive papers | ||
| Gray Literature/electronic and print information not controlled by commercial publishing | ||
| Case reports and series, ideas, editorials, and perspectives | ||
| Year of Publication: January 2000–December 2019 | ||
| Databases: PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, ERIC, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Google Scholar and Scopus, GreyLit, OpenGrey, Web of Science databases |