Construct	Measurement items		References
Perceived threat	Item 1	COVID-19 could put my health at risk.	(Lin & Bautista, 2016; Yang, 2012)
	Item 2	COVID-19 would be a very serious threat to my quality of life.
	Item 3	COVID-19 pandemic would be harmful to my well-being.
Perceived information overload	Item 1	There was too much COVID-19 information from media so that I was burdened in handling it.	(Chen et al., 2009)
	Item 2	I could not effectively handle all the COVID-19 information from the media.
	Item 3	Because of the plenty COVID-19 information from the media, I felt it difficult to acquire all the information.
Sadness	Item 1	I feel sad when reading COVID-19 information.	(Zhang, 2013)
	Item 2	I feel tired when reading COVID-19 information.
	Item 3	I feel lethargic when reading COVID-19 information.
Anxiety	Item 1	I feel tense when reading COVID-19 information.	(Marteau & Bekker, 1992)
	Item 2	I feel upset when reading COVID-19 information.
	Item 3	I feel worried when reading COVID-19 information.
Cognitive dissonance	Item 1	The information source on COVID-19 makes me uncomfortable	(Metzger et al., 2020)
	Item 2	I felt confused while reading COVID-19 story
	Item 3	The COVID-19 story made me question my own beliefs
Information avoidance intention	Item 1	I will avoid information related to potential risks posed by the pandemic in the near future.	(Kahlor et al., 2020)
	Item 2	I intend to avoid information about potential risks posed by the pandemic in the near future.
	Item 3	I will try to avoid information about potential risks posed by the pandemic in the near future.
Preventive behavior intention	Item 1	I intend to limit exposures in a crowded environment in the COVID-19 pandemic.	Self-developed based on (Word Health Organization, 2020)
	Item 2	I intend to conduct social distancing in the COVID-19 pandemic.
	Item 3	I intend to wash hands often in the COVID-19 pandemic.