. 2020 Oct 6;252:117176. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117176

Table 3.

Stabilization of suspensions by using nonionic polymeric surfactants.

Surfactant Type	Latex Particles	Research Methodology	Major Findings	References
Inutec®SP1	PMMA and PS	The PMMA and PS particles were prepared using an optimum ratio of polymer/monomer of approximately 0.001 for PMMA and 0.0033 for PS with a constant ratio of initiator/monomer of approximately 0.00125. The stability of these latex suspensions was determined by turbidimetry measurements and expressed in terms of CCC using different types of electrolytes.	Inutec®SP1 was a suitable polymeric surfactant to stabilize the latex particles such as PMMA and PS at 20 % monomer content, with a lower ratio of surfactant/monomer of approximately 0.002, due to the increase in CCC when using a higher concentration of CaCl₂.	Nestor et al. (2005)
Inutec®SP1	PMMA and PS	The PS and PMMA were prepared using surfactant-free emulsion polymerization and by the addition of Inutec®SP1, respectively. The stability of these latex suspensions was determined by CCC using Al₂(SO4)₃, NaCl and CaCl₂ as electrolytes.	HMI can markedly improve the stability of latex particles due to the higher CCC above a critical polymer concentration and produced a hydrated layer with a thickness of almost 4 nm.	Esquena et al. (2003)
Inutec®SP1, Synperonic A, Synperonic NP	PS	PS was formed using emulsion polymerization of Inutec®SP1, Synperonic A, and Synperonic NP. The stability was measured using AFM in the presence of water and varying Na₂SO₄ concentrations.	For 5 wt % latex, the Inutec®SP1 concentration was kept constant at 0.0165 wt %, and the initiator concentration was also kept constant at 0.0125 wt %, whereas the cosurfactant concentration was varied between 0.1 and 0.5 wt %.	Nestor et al. (2008)
Inutec®NRA	VNR	The stability of VNR using HMI was determined by measuring the CCC of calcium nitrite. The adsorption values of steric repulsive force were also studied and determined through dynamic light scattering and zeta potential measurements	The CCC of vulcanized natural rubber particles significantly increased with increasing HMI concentrations in up to 0.002 M calcium nitrite. In other cases, flocs are produced in the suspensions. The dynamic light scattering and zeta potential experiments revealed that HMI could stabilize the latex particles.	Singh et al. (2014)
Inutec NRA	PMMA/BuA	The stability of latex particles has been identified against KBr electrolyte concentrations and in the presence of water. The adhesion and elastic properties were also measured using AFM.	The findings revealed that these latexes had a polydispersity index of 1.05 and diameter of 118 nm, with stable suspensions up to 0.2 mol dm⁻³. The adsorbed surfactant films showed outstanding elastic characteristics, and their adhesion force and elastic modulus was markedly maintained in the presence of up to 0.05 mol dm⁻³ Na₂SO₄.	Obiols-Rabasa et al. (2017)

PMMA = polymethyl methacrylate, PS = polystyrene, AFM = atomic force microscopy, VNR = vulcanized natural rubber, BuA = butyl acrylate, CCC = critical coagulation concentration.