Table 1 |.

Clinical translation of cancer immunotherapy nanomedicines

Developer	Concept	Indications	Clinical stage	Clinicaltrials.gov reference	refs
NanoBiotix	Metal nanoparticle radioenhancers in combination with checkpoint blockade	Various solid tumours	Phase I-III	NCT03589339	25–27
Oslo University Hospital/Bristol-Myers Squibb	PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin in combination with checkpoint blockade	Metastatic breast cancer	Phase IIb	NCT03409198	16
Nektar Therapeutics	Reversibly-PEGylated IL-2 in combination with checkpoint blockade	Various solid tumours	Phase I, Phase II	NCT02983045, NCT03138889, NCT03282344, NCT03635983, NCT03785925, NCT03729245, NCT03435640	81–83
Exicure	Intratumoural administration of TLR9 agonist-functionalized nanoparticles in combination with checkpoint blockade	Various solid tumours	Phase 1b/2	NCT03684785	49,50
Torque Therapeutics	Nanoparticle-functionalized antigen-primed T cell therapy	Various solid tumours and lymphomas	Phase I	NCT03815682	113,115,120
Rimo Therapeutics	Metal-organic framework nanoparticles as radioenhancers combined with IDO inhibitors and/or checkpoint blockade	Various solid tumours	Phase I	NCT03444714	29
Coordination Pharma	Nanoscale coordination polymer-based particles	Various solid tumours	Phase I	NCT03781362, NCT03953742	35–37
Moderna Therapeutics	Lipid nanoparticle-delivered mRNA encoding OX40L, IL-23, and IL-36γ, with or without checkpoint blockade	Relapsed or refractory solid tumour malignancies or lymphoma	Phase I	NCT03739931	53
Moderna Therapeutics	Lipid nanoparticle-delivered mRNA encoding OX40L	Relapsed or refractory solid tumour malignancies or lymphoma	Phase I	NCT03323398	53
OncoNano	STING-activating polymer micelles	TBD	Phase I projected 2020–2021	N/A	48,134
Tidal Therapeutics	Nanoparticles for gene transfer to macrophages and lymphocytes	TBD	Phase I projected 2020–2021	N/A	127,128