Fertility restoration of TGMS lines under SD photoperiod. A, acos5-2 is male sterile under normal conditions, but its fertility was restored under short photoperiod or low light intensity. SEM observations showed that the defective pollen surface of acos5-2 remained defective under SD photoperiod or low light intensity by SEM observations. B, cyp703a2 is male sterile under normal conditions, but its fertility was largely restored under SD photoperiod or low light intensity. C, npu-2 showed male sterility under normal conditions, but its fertility was significantly restored under SD photoperiod or low light intensity. SEM observations revealed that the pollen surface was restored to a normal reticulated pattern under SD photoperiod or low light intensity. D, rvms exhibited male sterility under normal conditions but was fertile under SD photoperiod or low light intensity. The pollen wall of rvms remained rough and irregular under SD photoperiod or low light intensity. Bars = 20 μm (pollen staining) and = 5 μm (SEM).