Table 1. Effect of salt stress on sunflower traits.
Traits measured in our cultivated sunflower diversity panel with their median value (based on genotype means) and range (in parentheses), when grown under control (0 mm NaCl) and salt-stressed (100 mm NaCl) conditions, as well as an estimate of their plasticity (trait adjustment) between treatments. Plasticity was calculated as the difference in natural log transformed values (control – salt) but converted here to Δ% versus control (via eΔln(trait) – 1) for ease of interpretation. For all nonelemental traits, stars indicate Wald’s χ2 significance (with four replicate plants per genotype) of the main effects of genotype (G), treatment (T), and their interaction (G×T). As tissue was bulked for elemental content (i.e., no replication per genotype). For elemental traits stars indicate significance of a t test between control and salt-stressed groups (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001). LMF, Leaf mass fraction; MF, mass fraction; ns, nonsignificant; RF, root fraction.
| Trait | 0 mm NaCl | 100 mm NaCl | Plasticity (Δ%) | T | G | G×T | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plant mass (g) | 4.31 | (1.01–10.65) | 1.86 | (0.43–4.82) | −56.3 | (−85.29–47.7) | ** | *** | *** |
| Leaf mass (g) | 2.2 | (0.62–5.54) | 0.98 | (0.27–2.48) | −53.1 | (−83.89–43.36) | * | *** | *** |
| LMF (gleaves gplant−1) | 0.5 | (0.4–0.73) | 0.54 | (0.39–0.68) | 7 | (−14.62–42.75) | * | *** | *** |
| LMA (g m−2) | 22.62 | (14.12–32.69) | 32.87 | (26.91–41.65) | 46.4 | (7.12–123.92) | *** | *** | *** |
| Height (cm) | 57.75 | (9.5–80.63) | 23.88 | (6.63–43.38) | −57.7 | (−77.2 to −21.24) | *** | *** | *** |
| Stem mass (g) | 1.52 | (0.05–3.9) | 0.42 | (0.06–1.35) | −70.9 | (−94.92–4.15) | *** | *** | *** |
| SMF (gstem gplant−1) | 0.36 | (0.11–0.45) | 0.23 | (0.1–0.35) | −35.2 | (−61.36 to −4.4) | *** | *** | *** |
| Stem diameter (mm) | 8.7 | (5.2–14.61) | 5.12 | (2.71–7.55) | −39.9 | (−65.56 to −8.82) | *** | *** | *** |
| Shoot mass (g) | 3.78 | (0.8–9.45) | 1.48 | (0.33–3.83) | −59.5 | (−85.65 to −27.85) | ** | *** | *** |
| All root mass (g) | 0.56 | (0.12–1.57) | 0.36 | (0.03–0.89) | −36.7 | (−94.47–242.13) | ns | *** | *** |
| Tap root mass (g) | 0.23 | (0.05–0.51) | 0.14 | (0.02–0.35) | −36.3 | (−91.21–150.67) | ns | *** | *** |
| Lateral root mass (g) | 0.33 | (0.07–1.13) | 0.21 | (0.01–0.69) | −35.6 | (−97.34–298.95) | ns | *** | *** |
| RMF (groots gplant−1) | 0.13 | (0.08–0.22) | 0.2 | (0.11–0.28) | 50.4 | (−34.79–134.02) | ns | *** | *** |
| Tap root MF (gtap root gplant−1) | 0.05 | (0.02–0.14) | 0.08 | (0.03–0.17) | 49.5 | (−56.86–229.86) | * | *** | *** |
| Tap root RF (gtap root groots−1) | 0.41 | (0.2–0.71) | 0.41 | (0.17–0.63) | −1.6 | (−56.97–156.03) | ns | *** | *** |
| Fine root MF (gfine root gplant−1) | 0.08 | (0.04–0.14) | 0.12 | (0.06–0.22) | 52.4 | (−28.88–194.57) | ns | *** | *** |
| Fine root RF (gfine root groots−1) | 0.59 | (0.29–0.8) | 0.59 | (0.37–0.83) | 1 | (−38.43–46.88) | ns | *** | *** |
| Chlorophyll content (index) | 14.71 | (8.86–26.15) | 17.79 | (5.64–32.27) | 20.3 | (−47.6–127.69) | ns | *** | *** |
| B (µg g−1) | 100 | (55–162) | 109 | (52–213) | 9.3 | (−38.82–98.77) | *** | – | – |
| Ca (mass %) | 1.23 | (0.79–2.17) | 1.28 | (0.7–2.42) | 1.4 | (−47.18–130.48) | ns | – | – |
| Cu (µg g−1) | 27 | (15–49) | 36 | (21–65) | 37.5 | (−23.4–125) | *** | – | – |
| Fe (µg g−1) | 139 | (95–535) | 127.5 | (74–934) | −9.1 | (−64.11–661.67) | ** | – | – |
| Mg (mass %) | 0.41 | (0.26–0.64) | 0.41 | (0.23–0.76) | −2.5 | (−41.51–94.87) | ns | – | – |
| Mn (µg g−1) | 670 | (350–1363) | 1358.5 | (429–3663) | 101.4 | (−2.51–439.47) | *** | – | – |
| N (mass %) | 7.19 | (5.94–8.72) | 5.97 | (4.65–7.1) | −16.2 | (−34.94–3.24) | *** | – | – |
| P (mass %) | 0.44 | (0.25–0.84) | 0.3 | (0.17–0.46) | −30.6 | (−65.48–20) | *** | – | – |
| K (mass %) | 5.54 | (3.93–7.6) | 5 | (2.15–7) | −9.3 | (−52.51–41.34) | *** | – | – |
| Na (mass %) | 0.02 | (0.01–0.1) | 1.14 | (0.13–4.66) | 4395.2 | (288.33–48,916.67) | *** | – | – |
| S (mass %) | 0.71 | (0.52–1.54) | 0.52 | (0.36–0.95) | −27.5 | (−52.13–3.28) | *** | – | – |
| Zn (µg g−1) | 84 | (47–238) | 108 | (55–471) | 27.5 | (−60.14–324.32) | *** | – | – |
| K/Na ratio | 225.2 | (60.93–973.33) | 4.41 | (0.67–49.06) | −98 | (−99.87 to −75.19) | *** | – | – |