Table 5. Heritability and genome-wide associations for sunflower traits in control (0 mm NaCl) and salt-stressed (100 mm NaCl) conditions and the plasticity between them.
h2, number of independent genomic regions with significant (GEMMA GWAS algorithm Wald test −log10(P) > 5.6) genome-wide associations, and the sum of the relative effect sizes (RES). Narrow sense heritability was calculated using individual plants for nonelemental traits and genotype means for elemental traits and trait plasticity values (h2 confidence interval in parentheses). Relative effect sizes (%) were calculated as (2*β)/(trait range), with β being the estimated effect of the minor allele in the region of interest, and then summed across significant regions for a given trait. Instances with RES > 100 likely reflect an overestimation of the number of independent regions, potentially due to inconsistencies in the underlying genome assembly. LMF, Leaf mass fraction; MF, mass fraction; RF, root fraction.
| Trait | 0 mm NaCl | 100 mm NaCl | Plasticity | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| h2 | No. Reg. | RES | h2 | No. Reg. | RES | h2 | No. Reg. | RES | ||||
| Plant mass (g) | 0.47 | (0.38–0.56) | 6 | 84.6 | 0.44 | (0.35–0.54) | 1 | 15.3 | 0.01 | (−0.03–0.05) | 1 | 10.7 |
| Leaf mass (g) | 0.44 | (0.35–0.54) | 4 | 52.7 | 0.44 | (0.35–0.53) | 3 | 56.8 | 0.01 | (−0.04–0.06) | – | – |
| LMF (gleaves gplant−1) | 0.45 | (0.37–0.53) | 15 | 310.1 | 0.32 | (0.23–0.41) | 1 | 22 | 0.08 | (0–0.15) | – | – |
| LMA (g m−2) | 0.28 | (0.19–0.37) | 1 | 11.7 | 0.25 | (0.16–0.34) | 2 | 49.7 | 0.03 | (−0.02–0.07) | 3 | 55.8 |
| Height (cm) | 0.54 | (0.47–0.62) | 5 | 100.8 | 0.64 | (0.57–0.7) | 2 | 43 | 0.13 | (0.03–0.24) | – | – |
| Stem mass (g) | 0.55 | (0.47–0.63) | 3 | 41.2 | 0.5 | (0.42–0.58) | 3 | 68.5 | 0.09 | (−0.01–0.18) | 1 | 14.3 |
| SMF (gstem gplant−1) | 0.53 | (0.45–0.6) | 6 | 125.8 | 0.49 | (0.4–0.57) | 2 | 39.1 | 0.05 | (−0.01–0.11) | 2 | 34.1 |
| Stem diameter (mm) | 0.45 | (0.36–0.54) | 1 | 20.9 | 0.3 | (0.21–0.38) | 2 | 29.8 | 0.11 | (0.01–0.2) | – | – |
| Shoot mass (g) | 0.49 | (0.4–0.58) | 3 | 41.3 | 0.47 | (0.38–0.56) | – | – | 0.01 | (−0.03–0.05) | 2 | 26.2 |
| All root mass (g) | 0.33 | (0.23–0.42) | 4 | 69.7 | 0.33 | (0.24–0.42) | 1 | 15.9 | 0.04 | (−0.02–0.1) | 4 | 43.2 |
| Tap root mass (g) | 0.3 | (0.21–0.39) | – | – | 0.3 | (0.21–0.39) | 2 | 27.4 | 0.07 | (−0.01–0.15) | 4 | 59.9 |
| Lateral root mass (g) | 0.35 | (0.26–0.44) | 5 | 83.6 | 0.31 | (0.22–0.39) | – | – | 0.03 | (−0.02–0.08) | 4 | 38.5 |
| RMF (groots gplant−1) | 0.19 | (0.12–0.27) | – | – | 0.14 | (0.07–0.21) | 1 | 17.7 | 0.06 | (0–0.12) | – | – |
| Tap root MF (gtap root gplant−1) | 0.07 | (0.04–0.11) | 1 | 16.3 | 0.09 | (0.04–0.14) | – | – | 0.09 | (0–0.17) | – | – |
| Tap root RF (gtap root groots−1) | 0.37 | (0.29–0.45) | – | – | 0.28 | (0.19–0.37) | – | – | 0.04 | (−0.02–0.09) | 1 | 10 |
| Fine root MF (gfine root gplant−1) | 0.07 | (0.02–0.12) | 1 | 19 | 0.12 | (0.05–0.19) | 4 | 72.3 | 0.03 | (−0.01–0.07) | – | – |
| Fine root RF (gfine root groots−1) | 0.37 | (0.29–0.45) | – | – | 0.28 | (0.19–0.37) | – | – | 0.03 | (−0.02–0.08) | 1 | 14.5 |
| Chlorophyll content (index) | 0.59 | (0.52–0.67) | 4 | 116.3 | 0.54 | (0.46–0.62) | 2 | 36.6 | 0.12 | (0.03–0.21) | – | – |
| B (µg g−1) | 0.29 | (0.13–0.45) | – | – | 0.18 | (0.05–0.31) | 4 | 84.1 | 0.09 | (0.01–0.18) | – | – |
| Ca (mass %) | 0.12 | (0.03–0.22) | 1 | 10.3 | 0.18 | (0.07–0.3) | 2 | 46.7 | 0.23 | (0.1–0.35) | 2 | 50.8 |
| Cu (µg g−1) | 0.19 | (0.07–0.31) | 3 | 85.7 | 0.23 | (0.1–0.37) | 2 | 48.2 | 0.14 | (0.03–0.25) | – | – |
| Fe (µg g−1) | 0.02 | (−0.02–0.07) | 19 | 294.9 | 0.03 | (−0.01 to −0.07) | 3 | 59.7 | 0.04 | (0–0.09) | – | – |
| Mg (mass %) | 0.25 | (0.1–0.4) | – | – | 0.28 | (0.13–0.43) | 2 | 51 | 0.31 | (0.15–0.46) | 1 | 18.6 |
| Mn (µg g−1) | 0.07 | (−0.01–0.15) | – | – | 0.15 | (0.06–0.25) | 4 | 65.9 | 0.13 | (0.03–0.22) | 6 | 104.4 |
| N (mass %) | 0.16 | (0.04–0.27) | – | – | 0.12 | (0.02–0.23) | 1 | 24 | 0.07 | (−0.01–0.16) | 3 | 48.1 |
| P (mass %) | 0.11 | (0.02–0.19) | – | – | 0.1 | (0.02–0.18) | 1 | 15.6 | 0.01 | (−0.02–0.04) | – | – |
| K (mass %) | 0.11 | (0.01–0.2) | 1 | 31.3 | 0.28 | (0.14–0.43) | 2 | 49.6 | 0.25 | (0.09–0.41) | 1 | 11.9 |
| Na (mass %) | 0.5 | (0.4-0.6) | 1 | 21.6 | 0.22 | (0.09–0.35) | 6 | 133.5 | 0.16 | (0.05–0.28) | 2 | 42.2 |
| S (mass %) | 0.58 | (0.39–0.77) | 3 | 55.9 | 0.38 | (0.2–0.55) | 4 | 68.5 | 0.19 | (0.06–0.33) | 2 | 29.8 |
| Zn (µg g−1) | 0.01 | (−0.03–0.05) | 1 | 14.5 | 0.06 | (0.02–0.11) | 8 | 76.6 | 0.06 | (0–0.11) | 4 | 81.8 |
| K/Na ratio | 0.01 | (−0.03–0.05) | 2 | 48.5 | 0.17 | (0.06–0.27) | 20 | 416.2 | 0.18 | (0.06–0.3) | 3 | 56.8 |
| Tolerance | – | – | – | – | 0.05 | (−0.01 to −0.11) | 1 | 19.9 | – | – | – | – |