Table 3.

Associations for subsequent diagnosis of CKD according to whether the individuals had low birth weight, were small for gestational age, or were born preterm

Exposure	Total Cohort (Born 1967–2015)					Cohort Born before 1990
	Total N	N CKD	Unadjusted OR (95% CI)	Adjusted ORa (95% CI)		Total N	N CKD	Adjusted ORa (95% CI)
Term, not LBW or SGA	2,147,243	3248	1.0 (ref)	1.0 (ref)		955,093	2681	1.0 (ref)
Term, not LBW, SGA	99,862	240	1.59 (1.39 to 1.81)	1.57 (1.38 to 1.79)		56,462	210	1.32 (1.14 to 1.52)
Term, LBW, not SGA	33,877	74	1.44 (1.15 to 1.82)	1.41 (1.12 to 1.78)		13,199	53	1.41 (1.07 to 1.85)
Preterm, not LBW or SGA	40,540	89	1.45 (1.17 to 1.79)	1.40 (1.13 to 1.72)		19,327	62	1.11 (0.86 to 1.43)
Preterm, not LBW, SGA	No data	No data				No data
Term, LBW and SGA	137,891	402	1.92 (1.74 to 2.14)	1.88 (1.70 to 2.10)		72,175	345	1.70 (1.52 to 1.90)
Preterm, LBW, not SGA	65,013	141	1.43 (1.21 to 1.70)	1.36 (1.15 to 1.61)		25,427	103	1.40 (1.15 to 1.71)
Preterm, LBW and SGA	16,299	66	2.67 (2.10 to 3.42)	2.50 (2.00 to 3.18)		6174	47	2.63 (1.96 to 3.53)
No. of exposuresb
0	2,147,243	3248	1.0 (ref)	1.0 (ref)		995,093	2681	1.0 (ref)
1	174,279	403	1. 52 (1.37 to 1.69)	1.50 (1.35 to 1.66)		88,988	325	1.28 (1.14 to 1.44)
2	202,904	543	1.76 (1.61 to 1.93)	1.72 (1.57 to 1.89)		97,602	448	1.62 (1.47 to 1.79)
3	16,299	66	2.67 (2.09 to 3.41)	2.49 (1.95 to 3.19)		6174	47	2.63 (1.96 to 3.53)

Separate analyses for total cohort and the cohort born before 1990. OR, odds ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; LBW, low birth weight; SGA, small for gestational age; ref, reference.

^aAdjusted for sex, maternal disease (defined as maternal diabetes mellitus, kidney disease, rheumatic disease, or essential hypertension diagnosed before pregnancy), maternal marital status, and malformations in the newborn.

^bNumber of exposures LBW (defined as below the tenth percentile), SGA (defined as below the tenth percentile), and preterm birth (<37 weeks).