Table 4.
Associations of low birth weight, small for gestational age, and preterm birth with diverse forms of kidney disease
| Exposure | CKD | AKD | GN | Hereditary Kidney Disease | Malformations of the Kidney or Urinary Tract | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | aOR (95% CI)a | N | aOR (95% CI)a | N | aOR (95% CI)a | N | aOR (95% CI)a | N | aOR (95% CI)a | ||
| Birth weight below tenth percentile, LBW | No | 3759 | 1.0 (ref) | 3971 | 1.0 (ref) | 4086 | 1.0 (ref) | 1258 | 1.0 (ref) | 4394 | |
| Yes | 724 | 1.62 (1.50 to 1.76) | 678 | 1.44 (1.33 to 1.56) | 581 | 1.24 (1.14 to 1.36) | 219 | 1.35 (1.17 to 1.56) | 679 | 1.15 (1.06 to 1.25) | |
| z-Score below tenth percentile, SGA | No | 3564 | 1.0 (ref) | 3730 | 1.0 (ref) | 3900 | 1.0 (ref) | 1240 | 1.0 (ref) | 4465 | |
| Yes | 708 | 1.52 (1.40 to 1.65) | 675 | 1.60 (1.49 to 1.73) | 543 | 1.18 (1.07 to 1.30) | 194 | 1.31 (1.12 to 1.52) | 531 | 1.13 (1.03 to 1.23) | |
| Preterm birth | No | 4196 | 1.0 (ref) | 4385 | 1.0 (ref) | 4423 | 1.0 (ref) | 1362 | 1.0 (ref) | 4727 | |
| Yes | 299 | 1.49 (1.33 to 1.68) | 274 | 1.30 (1.15 to 1.47) | 249 | 1.17 (1.03 to 1.33) | 117 | 1.43 (1.18 to 1.74) | 358 | 1.08 (0.97 to 1.21) | |
| Birth weight <2.5 kg | No | 4235 | 1.0 (ref) | 4429 | 1.0 (ref) | 4464 | 1.0 (ref) | 1402 | 1.0 (ref) | 4835 | |
| Yes | 260 | 1.84 (1.62 to 2.08) | 230 | 1.56 (1.36 to 1.79) | 208 | 1.40 (1.21 to 1.60) | 77 | 1.30 (1.03 to 1.63) | 250 | 1.07 (0.94 to 1.22) | |
AKD, acute kidney disease; aOR, adjusted odds ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; LBW, low birth weight; ref, reference; SGA, small for gestational age.
a
Adjusted for sex, maternal disease (defined as maternal diabetes mellitus, kidney disease, rheumatic disease, or essential hypertension diagnosed before pregnancy), maternal marital status, and malformations in the newborn.