Table 1.
Characteristics of participants with age <18 yr in the ASsessment, Serial Evaluation, and Subsequent Sequelae in AKI (ASSESS-AKI) study
| Characteristicsa | AKI (n=57) | No AKI (n=67) | All (n=124) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | |||
| Age at surgery (mo), median (IQR) | 8.4 (4.8–40.8) | 45.6 (6–158.4)c | 18 (4.8–78.6) |
| Male sex, n (%) | 31 (54) | 33 (49) | 64 (52) |
| Non-White, n (%)b | 6 (11) | 10 (15) | 16 (13) |
| Preoperative cardiac/health characteristics and medication, n (%) | |||
| Cyanotic heart disease | 17 (30) | 14 (21) | 31 (25) |
| Previous heart surgery | 22 (39) | 30 (45) | 52 (42) |
| Prematurity, n/total with data (%)a | 8/55 (15) | 14/66 (21) | 22/121 (18) |
| Any nonkidney comorbidityd | 32 (56) | 40 (60) | 72 (58) |
| ACE inhibitors | 5 (9) | 6 (9) | 11 (9) |
| Diuretics | 20 (35) | 15 (22) | 35 (28) |
| Aspirin or NSAIDS | 9 (16) | 8 (12) | 17 (14) |
| Preoperative kidney characteristics | |||
| eGFR (ml/min per 1.73 m2), median (IQR)e | 134 (107–155) | 111 (92–125)c | 118 (97–139) |
| Identifiable kidney comorbidity, n (%)a,f | 3 (5) | 5/66 (8) | 8/123 (7) |
| Postoperative characteristics, medication, hospital outcomes | |||
| RACHS-1 surgical severity score ≥3, n (%) | 22 (39) | 38 (57)g | 60 (48) |
| Aminoglycosides, n (%) | 10 (18) | 5 (7) | 15 (12) |
| NSAIDs, n (%) | 22 (39) | 35 (52) | 57 (46) |
| Aspirin, n (%) | 9 (16) | 13 (19) | 22 (18) |
| ACE inhibitors or ARBs, n (%) | 6 (11) | 9 (13) | 15 (12) |
| Diuretics, n (%) | 55 (96) | 61 (91) | 116 (94) |
| Vasopressors, n (%) | 36 (63) | 42 (63) | 78 (63) |
| Complications, n (%)h | 41 (72) | 46 (69) | 87 (70) |
| Invasive mechanical ventilation ≥2 d, n (%) | 15 (26) | 8 (12)g | 23 (19) |
| KRT, n (%) | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | 1 (1) |
| ICU length of stay (d), median (IQR) | 4.0 (2.0–6.0) | 4.0 (2.0–5.0) | 4.0 (2.0–6.0) |
| Hospital length of stay (d), median (IQR) | 8.0 (6.0–12.0) | 7.0 (6.0–11.0) | 8.0 (6.0–11.0) |
Continuous variables expressed as median (IQR); categoric variables expressed as N (column %). IQR, interquartile range; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; RACHS-1, Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery surgical severity/mortality score; ARBs, angiotensin receptor blockers; ICU, intensive care unit.
There were no missing values, unless otherwise indicated (data not imputed for the variables prematurity and identifiable kidney comorbidity).
Specific self-reported race designations for AKI versus non-AKI groups were White (90% versus 85%), Black (5% versus 0%), and other (5% versus 15%).
P<0.005.
Preoperative nonkidney comorbidity includes diabetes, chronic lung disease, genetic syndrome, neurologic disorder, poor growth, nasogastric feeding, and other. There were no significant differences in any of these disorders between AKI groups (not shown).
Eight of 124 participants had low eGFR for age preoperatively (eight AKI and one non-AKI). eGFR was calculated as per the CKD in Children study equation.
Identifiable kidney comorbidity includes congenital abnormality of the kidney or urinary tract, CKD, or hypertension, ascertained by chart review.
P<0.05, for between-group difference.
Includes sepsis/shock, return to operating room for major surgical procedures, arrhythmias.