Table 1.
Main microRNAs, targets, functions and effects in lung cancer.
| microRNAs | Targets | Function | Effect | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| let-7 | RAS, CDC25A, CDK6, cyclinD, LIN28, MYC, HMGA2,HOXA9, TGFBR1, BCL-XL, MAP4K3 | represses cell proliferation, regulates cell cycle, cell signaling, and maintenance of differentiation | - ↓ | [16, 28, 29] |
| mir-21 | PTEN, PDCD4, TPM1 | proliferative and anti-apoptotic function | - ↑ | [77, 79, 83] |
| miR-23a | VEGF | decreases angiogenesis | - ↑ | [2, 47] |
| miR-29 | DNMT3A and -3B and TETs | restores normal patterns of DNA methylation and induces apoptosis | - ↓ + ↑ |
[8, 34] |
| miR-31-5p | HIF-1 | increases glycolysis and ATP production | + ↓ - ↑ |
[53] |
| miR-33b | lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) | glucose metabolism attenuation | - ↓ + ↑ |
[50] |
| miR-34 | PD-L1, MET, BCL2, PDGFRA, PDGFRB | tumor immune evasion (apoptosis, DNA damage, and cell cycling) | - ↓ + ↑ |
[61, 83] |
| miR-101 | COX-2, Lin28B, EZH2, IL-1β | inhibits cell proliferation and inflammation; dysregulation of cell cycle | + ↑ - ↓ |
[66-69] |
| miR-130b | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) /VEGF-A | facilitates proliferation, invasion and metastasis | - ↑ | [49] |
| miR-144 | GLUT1 | increases glucose uptake and lactate production | - ↓ | [51] |
| miR-155 | hexokinase 2, APAf-1 | promotes glucose metabolism, modulates cellular apoptosis and DNA damage | - ↑ | [84-86] |
| miR-153 | ADAM19, AKT, SNAI1 and ZEB2 | inhibits migration and invasion of human non-small-cell lung cancer; inhibits the proliferation and migration, and promotes apoptosis of cultured lung cancer cells. Pro-metastatic factor by inducing EMT | - ↓ + ↑ |
[25, 26, 39, 40] |
| miR-197 | Bcl-2, c-Myc, cyclin D1 and PD-L1 | promotion of chemoresistance, tumorigenicity, and pulmonary metastasis | - ↓ | [62] |
| miR-199a | HIF-1a | suppresses the hypoxia-induced proliferation | - ↓ | [52] |
| miR-200 | ZEB, E-cadherin, vimentin, VEGF | inhibits angiogenesis, suppresses EMT and metastasis | + ↑ | [2, 43, 44, 87] |
| miR-205 | DOK4 gene | cell invasion | - ↑ | [24, 81] |
| miR-210 | SDHD, subunit D of succinate dehydrogenase complex (SDH) | major influence on mitochondrial function, cell survival and homeostasis in advanced cancer | - ↑ | [54] |
| miR-218 | Slug/ZEB2, tumor protein D52 | inhibits cell migration, invasion and metastasis | - ↓ | [45, 88] |
|
miR-487b- 5p |
LAMP2 | tumor activator in lung cancer tissues | - ↑ | [89] |
| miR-494 | VEGF, PTEN, AKT | promotes angiogenesis and tumor growth under hypoxic condition | - ↑ | [2, 90] |
| miR-708 | TMEM88, Wnt signaling pathway | increases cell proliferation, migration, and invasion | - ↑ | [91] |
Legend: - negatively/pro-oncogenic/facilitates cancer development; + positively/anti-oncogenic/inhibits cancer development; ↑ when upregulated/overexpressed, ↓ when downregulated/under-expressed.