Table 1.
Factors associated with ICU mortality among COVID-19 patients
| Unadjusted | Adjusted | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Factors | Relative risks (95% CI) | p value | Relative risks (95% CI) | p value |
| Day of ICU discharge | ||||
| Weekend | 1.65 (1.54–1.77) | < 0.001 | 1.54 (1.45–1.64) | < 0.001 |
| Other weekdays | 1 | Reference | 1 | Reference |
| ICU location in France | ||||
| Paris region | 1.59 (1.3–1.95) | < 0.001 | 1.62 (1.35–1.94) | < 0.001 |
| Northeast | 1.35 (1.1–1.68) | 0.005 | 1.24 (1.02–1.49) | 0.029 |
| Northwest | 1.07 (0.83–1.37) | 0.604 | 1.14 (0.93–1.4) | 0.194 |
| Southeast | 1.28 (1.03–1.58) | 0.024 | 1.11 (0.93–1.33) | 0.258 |
| Southwest | 1 | Reference | 1 | Reference |
| ICU team experience over timea | ||||
| Very high [44–229 patients] | 0.82 (0.74–0.9) | < 0.001 | 0.97 (0.86–1.1) | 0.664 |
| High [20–43 patients] | 0.86 (0.79–0.94) | 0.001 | 0.98 (0.9–1.07) | 0.661 |
| Low [8–19 patients] | 0.88 (0.81–0.96) | 0.004 | 0.94 (0.87–1.02) | 0.147 |
| Very low [0–7 patients] | 1 | Reference | 1 | Reference |
| Patient ICU admission date | ||||
| April 13 to April 26 | 0.88 (0.76–1.02) | 0.092 | 1.14 (0.97–1.35) | 0.113 |
| March 30 to April 12 | 0.72 (0.65–0.8) | < 0.001 | 1.01 (0.89–1.15) | 0.873 |
| March 16 to March 29 | 0.81 (0.73–0.9) | < 0.001 | 1.08 (0.97–1.2) | 0.164 |
| January 01 to March 15 | 1 | Reference | 1 | Reference |
| Patient sex | ||||
| Male | 1.06 (0.99–1.13) | 0.080 | 1.04 (0.98–1.09) | 0.229 |
| Female | 1 | Reference | 1 | Reference |
| Patient age, year | ||||
| 80+ | 5.38 (3.62–8) | < 0.001 | 3.92 (2.96–5.2) | < 0.001 |
| 75–79 | 3.91 (2.64–5.78) | < 0.001 | 2.77 (2.11–3.64) | < 0.001 |
| 70–74 | 2.96 (2.01–4.35) | < 0.001 | 2.12 (1.61–2.78) | < 0.001 |
| 60–69 | 2.36 (1.6–3.48) | < 0.001 | 1.78 (1.37–2.3) | < 0.001 |
| 40–59 | 1.34 (0.92–1.95) | 0.127 | 1.17 (0.91–1.51) | 0.218 |
| 18–39 | 1 | Reference | 1 | Reference |
| Patient SAPS IIa | ||||
| Very high [56–120] | 3.03 (2.66–3.44) | < 0.001 | 1.79 (1.6–2.01) | < 0.001 |
| High [43–55] | 2.12 (1.87–2.4) | < 0.001 | 1.39 (1.25–1.55) | < 0.001 |
| Low [33–42] | 1.65 (1.46–1.88) | < 0.001 | 1.27 (1.13–1.42) | < 0.001 |
| Very low [15–32] | 1 | Reference | 1 | Reference |
| Charlson comorbidity index | ||||
| 3+ | 1.36 (1.36–1.51) | < 0.001 | 1.03 (0.94–1.13) | 0.553 |
| 2 | 1.15 (1.15–1.27) | 0.010 | 0.96 (0.89–1.05) | 0.403 |
| 1 | 1.3 (1.17–1.43) | < 0.001 | 1.07 (0.97–1.18) | 0.179 |
| 0 | 1 | Reference | 1 | Reference |
| Hemodynamic support | ||||
| Yes | 2.1 (1.84–2.4) | < 0.001 | 1.60 (1.42–1.8) | < 0.001 |
| No | 1 | Reference | 1 | Reference |
| Renal replacement therapy | ||||
| Yes | 2.23 (2.07–2.4) | < 0.001 | 1.84 (1.72–1.97) | < 0.001 |
| No | 1 | Reference | 1 | Reference |
| Patient median household incomea, € | ||||
| Very low [11,726–18,115] | 1.19 (1.1–1.28) | < 0.001 | 1.23 (1.14–1.33) | < 0.001 |
| Low [18,125–20,083] | 1.11 (1.01–1.22) | 0.025 | 1.12 (1.03–1.22) | 0.009 |
| High [20,083–22,582] | 1.08 (0.99–1.18) | 0.094 | 1.11 (1.03–1.2) | 0.009 |
| Very high [22,583–43,350] | 1 | Reference | 1 | Reference |
9809 critically ill COVID-19 patients from 350 hospitals were analyzed. Using modified Poisson regression model (with a robust error variance) accounting for patient clustering within hospitals and for patient related confounders (sex, age, SAPS II, Charlson comorbidity index, hemodynamic support, renal replacement therapy, patient median household income) and the date of patient ICU admission, we estimated adjusted relative risks with their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI)
aCategorized into quartiles