Table 1. Influences of NOD1/2 on intestinal microbial community structures.

Genotype	Species	Sample tissue	Sequence method	Disease model	Microbiome changes	Littermates?	Reference
Nod2 mutation	Human	Ileum	454 seq	CD, UC	Shifts in microbial composition		Frank et al., 2011
Nod2 mutation	Human	Ileum	qPCR	CD	↑Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes		Rehman et al., 2011
Nod2 mutation	Human	Intestinal biopsies	16S seq		↑Enterobacteriaceae		Knights et al., 2014
Nod2−/−	Mice	Ileum, feces	qPCR	Steady state	↑Bacterial load; ↑Bacteroides, Bacillus, and Firmicutes	Yes	Petnicki-Ocwieja et al., 2009
Nod2−/−	Mice	Ileum, feces	454 seq	Steady state	↑Bacterial load; ↑Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes	No	Rehman et al., 2011
Nod2−/−	Mice	Feces	454 seq	Steady state	↓Bacterial diversity and richness; ↑Rikenellaceae, Bacteroidaceae, and Bacteroides acidifaciens; ↓Prevotellaceae	No	Mondot et al., 2012
Nod2−/−	Mice	Colon	454 seq	DSS	↑Bacterial load	Yes	Smith et al., 2012
Nod2−/−	Mice	Colon	454 seq	DSS, DSS-AOM	↑Bacteroidetes	No	Couturier-Maillard et al., 2013
Nod2−/−	Mice	Feces	16S seq	Steady state	↑Bacteroides vulgatus	No	Ramanan et al., 2014
Nod1−/−	Mice	Ileum	qPCR	Steady state	↑Bacterial load; ↑Bacteroidetes, Clostridiales, and Enterobacteriaceae; ↓Lactobacillaceae	No	Bouskra et al., 2008
Nod1/2 DKO	Mice	Ileum, cecum, colon	qPCR	Steady state	No change	Yes	Robertson et al., 2013
Nod1/2 DKO	Mice	Cecum	qPCR	Salmonella DaroA infection	No change	Yes	Robertson et al., 2016

Summary of recent studies in both human and mice indicating the effect of NOD1 and NOD2 on the intestinal microbiome. DKO, double-knockout; qPCR, quantitative PCR; seq, sequencing.