Table 3.
Hazard ratios for association between handgrip strength and metabolic syndrome and its components in men
| Handgrip strength per body weight (kg/kg) | |||||
| Quartile 4 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 1 | P for trend | |
| (0.73–1.17, n=461) | (0.65–0.72, n=461) | (0.57–0.64, n=461) | (0.15–0.56, n=462) | ||
| Person-years | 1838.8 | 1834.4 | 1836.3 | 1837.1 | |
| New-onset MetS | 30 (6.5) | 50 (10.8) | 66 (14.3) | 68 (14.8) | |
| Model 1 | 1 (reference) | 1.77 (1.13, 2.73) | 2.19 (1.43, 3.33) | 2.51 (1.63, 3.84) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1 (reference) | 1.67 (1.06, 2.64) | 2.13 (1.38, 3.28) | 2.36 (1.51, 3.69) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 | 1 (reference) | 1.49 (0.95, 2.34) | 1.67 (1.08, 2.59) | 1.76 (1.12, 2.78) | <0.001 |
| MetS components | |||||
| Abdominal obesity | 48 (10.4) | 82 (17.7) | 108 (23.4) | 130 (28.2) | |
| Model 1 | 1 (reference) | 2.07 (1.45, 2.96) | 2.60 (1.84, 3.66) | 3.63 (2.58, 5.10) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1 (reference) | 1.96 (1.37, 2.83) | 2.45 (1.73, 3.27) | 3.32 (2.34, 4.71) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 | 1 (reference) | 1.50 (1.04, 2.16) | 1.56 (1.09, 2.24) | 1.80 (1.25, 2.59) | <0.001 |
| Elevated TG | 78 (16.9) | 78 (16.9) | 95 (20.6) | 86 (18.7) | |
| Model 1 | 1 (reference) | 1.19 (0.87, 1.63) | 1.38 (1.02, 1.87) | 1.43 (1.04, 1.96) | 0.006 |
| Model 2 | 1 (reference) | 1.16 (0.84, 1.60) | 1.38 (1.01, 1.88) | 1.39 (1.00, 1.93) | 0.006 |
| Model 3 | 1 (reference) | 1.10 (0.80, 1.52) | 1.29 (0.94, 1.76) | 1.31 (0.94, 1.82) | 0.024 |
| Decreased HDL | 48 (10.4) | 55 (11.9) | 60 (13.0) | 63 (13.7) | |
| Model 1 | 1 (reference) | 1.29 (0.87, 1.90) | 1.30 (0.89, 1.91) | 1.47 (1.00, 2.17) | 0.009 |
| Model 2 | 1 (reference) | 1.10 (0.74, 1.65) | 1.19 (0.80, 1.76) | 1.29 (0.86, 1.92) | 0.02 |
| Model 3 | 1 (reference) | 1.08 (0.73, 1.61) | 1.15 (0.78, 1.71) | 1.22 (0.81, 1.83) | 0.054 |
| High blood pressure | 157 (34.0) | 195 (42.2) | 228 (49.5) | 199 (43.2) | |
| Model 1 | 1 (reference) | 1.28 (1.04, 1.58) | 1.35 (1.10, 1.66) | 1.15 (0.93, 1.43) | 0.195 |
| Model 2 | 1 (reference) | 1.28 (1.03, 1.59) | 1.31 (1.05, 1.62) | 1.11 (0.89, 1.39) | 0.28 |
| Model 3 | 1 (reference) | 1.26 (1.01, 1.56) | 1.27 (1.03, 1.57) | 1.06 (0.85, 1.33) | 0.551 |
| Elevated FPG | 128 (27.8) | 132 (28.6) | 143 (31.0) | 151 (32.8) | |
| Model 1 | 1 (reference) | 1.09 (0.86, 1.40) | 1.10 (0.86, 1.40) | 1.16 (0.91, 1.48) | 0.044 |
| Model 2 | 1 (reference) | 1.10 (0.85, 1.42) | 1.10 (0.85, 1.41) | 1.17 (0.91, 1.52) | 0.038 |
| Model 3 | 1 (reference) | 1.09 (0.85, 1.39) | 1.06 (0.83, 1.36) | 1.11 (0.86, 1.43) | 0.103 |
Tests for trend were conducted using multivariate Cox proportional hazards models. Values are presented as number (%) or HR (95% CI).
Model 1: adjusted for age. Model 2: adjusted for marital status, region, education, current smoker, alcohol consumption, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, diabetes based on Model 1. Model 3: adjusted for WC based on Model 2.
FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MetS, metabolic syndrome; TG, triglyceride; WC, waist circumstance.