Table 4.
Hazard ratios for association between handgrip strength and metabolic syndrome and its components in women
| Handgrip strength per body weight (kg/kg) | |||||
| Quartile 4 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 1 | P for trend | |
| (0.59–1.00, n=376) | (0.51–0.58, n=375) | (0.43–0.50, n=377) | (0.15–0.42, n=377) | ||
| Person-years | 1499.3 | 1493.5 | 1499.6 | 1504.1 | |
| New-onset MetS | 69 (18.4) | 80 (21.3) | 100 (26.5) | 113 (30.0) | |
| Model 1 | 1 (reference) | 1.19 (0.86, 1.64) | 1.50 (1.10, 2.04) | 1.49 (1.10, 2.02) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1 (reference) | 1.20 (0.85, 1.67) | 1.58 (1.15, 2.18) | 1.56 (1.14, 2.13) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 | 1 (reference) | 1.14 (0.82, 1.58) | 1.30 (1.02, 1.57) | 1.28 (1.03, 1.55) | <0.001 |
| MetS components | |||||
| Abdominal obesity | 165 (43.9) | 225 (60.0) | 245 (65.0) | 276 (73.2) | |
| Model 1 | 1 (reference) | 1.40 (1.14, 1.71) | 1.53 (1.26, 1.87) | 1.64 (1.35, 1.99) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1 (reference) | 1.42 (1.15, 1.75) | 1.62 (1.32, 1.99) | 1.68 (1.37, 2.06) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 | 1 (reference) | 1.24 (1.01, 1.52) | 1.31 (1.14, 1.70) | 1.29 (1.05, 1.59) | <0.001 |
| Elevated TG | 73 (19.4) | 87 (23.2) | 95 (25.2) | 87 (23.1) | |
| Model 1 | 1 (reference) | 1.22 (0.90, 1.67) | 1.35 (0.99, 1.83) | 1.16 (0.85, 1.59) | 0.186 |
| Model 2 | 1 (reference) | 1.17 (0.85, 1.61) | 1.38 (1.01, 1.89) | 1.08 (0.78, 1.50) | 0.388 |
| Model 3 | 1 (reference) | 1.13 (0.82, 1.55) | 1.28 (0.94, 1.74) | 1.00 (0.72, 1.38) | 0.660 |
| Decreased HDL | 120 (31.9) | 98 (26.1) | 110 (29.2) | 129 (34.2) | |
| Model 1 | 1 (reference) | 0.84 (0.64, 1.10) | 0.95 (0.73, 1.23) | 1.04 (0.81, 1.34) | 0.711 |
| Model 2 | 1 (reference) | 0.83 (0.63, 1.10) | 0.97 (0.74, 1.28) | 1.07 (0.82, 1.39) | 0.562 |
| Model 3 | 1 (reference) | 0.80 (0.61, 1.05) | 0.94 (0.72, 1.22) | 0.99 (0.76, 1.29) | 0.941 |
| High blood pressure | 86 (22.9) | 119 (31.7) | 121 (32.1) | 150 (39.8) | |
| Model 1 | 1 (reference) | 1.42 (1.07, 1.87) | 1.46 (1.11, 1.92) | 1.48 (1.13, 1.93) | 0.005 |
| Model 2 | 1 (reference) | 1.41 (1.06, 1.87) | 1.38 (1.03, 1.84) | 1.36 (1.03, 1.80) | 0.046 |
| Model 3 | 1 (reference) | 1.35 (1.02, 1.79) | 1.31 (0.99, 1.73) | 1.22 (0.92, 1.60) | 0.290 |
| Elevated FPG | 92 (24.5) | 94 (25.1) | 93 (24.7) | 114 (30.2) | |
| Model 1 | 1 (reference) | 1.04 (0.73, 1.33) | 1.05 (0.78, 1.39) | 1.13 (0.86, 1.49) | 0.223 |
| Model 2 | 1 (reference) | 0.99 (0.73, 1.33) | 1.07 (0.79, 1.44) | 0.98 (0.73, 1.32) | 0.658 |
| Model 3 | 1 (reference) | 0.96 (0.72, 1.29) | 1.03 (0.77, 1.38) | 0.99 (0.74, 1.34) | 0.583 |
Tests for trend were conducted using multivariate Cox proportional hazards models. Values are presented as number (%) or HR (95% CI).
Model 1: adjusted for age. Model 2: adjusted for marital status, region, education, current smoker, alcohol consumption, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, diabetes based on Model 1. Model 3: adjusted for WC based on Model 2.
FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MetS, metabolic syndrome; TG, triglyceride; WC, waist circumstance.