Table 1.

Demographic characteristics and baseline comorbidities of sepsis patients.

Variables (n = 220,082)	Total		Hospital mortality				P value
			No		Yes
	n	%	n	%	n	%
Sex							<0.001
Female	95,982	43.61	62,472	46.47	33,510	39.13
Male	12,4100	56.39	71,972	53.53	52,128	60.87
Age group, years							<0.001
18–40 years	9078	4.12	6822	5.07	2256	2.63
40–60 years	46,275	21.03	32,167	23.93	14,108	16.47
60–80 years	97,665	44.38	60,655	45.12	37,010	43.22
>80 years	67,064	30.47	34,800	25.88	32,264	37.67
Mean (±SD)	70.15 (15.17)	68.32 (15.41)	73.00 (14.32)	<0.001
Insurance premium (NT dollars)							<0.001
<20,000	138,504	62.93	79,070	58.81	59,434	69.4
20,000–40,000	67,567	30.70	45,359	33.74	22,208	25.93
40,000–60,000	10,328	4.69	7450	5.54	2878	3.36
>60,000	3683	1.67	2565	1.91	1118	1.31
Urbanization level							0.004
1 (highest)	53,004	24.08	32,181	23.94	20,823	24.32
2	60,055	27.29	37,065	27.57	22,990	26.85
3	36,139	16.42	22,030	16.39	14,109	16.48
4	36,982	16.80	22,472	16.71	14,510	16.94
5 (lowest)	33,900	15.40	20,695	15.39	13,205	15.42
Baseline comorbidities
HTN	15,0329	68.31	90,837	67.56	59,492	69.47	<0.001
DM	13,6875	62.19	83,590	62.17	53,285	62.22	0.825
CHF	58,264	26.47	32,176	23.93	26,088	30.46	<0.001
COPD	100,444	45.64	58,436	43.46	42,008	49.05	<0.001
CLD	67,061	30.47	40,663	30.25	26,398	30.83	0.004
CKD	82,200	37.35	46,355	34.48	35,845	41.86	<0.001
Cancer	69,432	31.55	35,366	26.31	34,066	39.78	<0.001
CCI score							<0.001
0	4748	2.16	3843	2.86	905	1.06
1	10,415	4.73	8363	6.22	2052	2.4
2	11,852	5.39	8744	6.5	3108	3.63
3	13,081	5.94	9156	6.81	3925	4.58
≥4	17,9986	81.78	104,338	77.61	75,648	88.33
Drug use¶
Aspirin	28,861	13.11	16,906	12.57	11,955	13.96	<0.001
Clopidogrel	17,667	8.03	9740	7.24	7927	9.26	<0.001
Warfarin	7325	3.33	4198	3.12	3127	3.65	<0.001
Metformin	48,257	21.93	33,803	25.14	14,454	16.88	<0.001
NSAIDs	151,508	68.84	95,432	70.98	56,076	65.48	<0.001
Statins	20,171	9.17	14,235	10.59	5936	6.93	<0.001
PPIs	91,831	41.73	45,818	34.08	46,013	53.73	<0.001
Steroids	118,048	53.64	59,845	44.51	58,203	67.96	<0.001
Immunosuppressants	1099	0.50	609	0.45	490	0.57	<0.001
Septic shock	111,754	50.78	43,310	32.21	68,444	79.92	<0.001
Endotracheal tube	73,098	33.21	27,647	20.56	45,451	53.07	<0.001
ICU admission	119,912	54.49	58,503	43.51	61,409	71.71	<0.001
Emergent hemodialysis	7600	3.45	2024	1.51	5576	6.51	<0.001
Hospital mortality rate	85,638	38.91
GI bleeding							<0.001
No	21,1718	96.20	129,952	96.66	81,766	95.48
Yes	8364	3.80	4492	3.34	3872	4.52
Stroke							0.104
No	216,701	98.46	132,333	98.43	84,368	98.52
Yes	3381	1.54	2111	1.57	1270	1.48
ICH							<0.001
No	218,067	99.08	13,3346	99.18	84,721	98.93
Yes	2015	0.92	1098	0.82	917	1.07
AMI							<0.001
No	216,592	98.41	132,830	98.8	83,762	97.81
Yes	3490	1.59	1614	1.2	1876	2.19
Infection origins
Central nervous	1382	0.63	870	0.65	512	0.60	0.153
Respiratory	87,748	39.87	47,674	35.46	40,074	46.79	<0.001
Cardiovascular	1614	0.73	1097	0.82	517	0.60	<0.001
Gastrointestinal/biliary	17,812	8.09	11,914	8.86	5898	6.89	<0.001
Genitourinary	66,518	30.22	50,467	37.54	16,051	18.74	<0.001
Soft tissue/musculoskeletal	10,960	4.98	8409	6.25	2551	2.98	<0.001
Device-related	3712	1.69	2729	2.03	983	1.15	<0.001
Others	17,651	8.02	12,923	9.61	4728	5.52	<0.001
Frequency of OPD visit# (median, IQR)	18 (10–27)	17 (10–27)	18 (11–28)
Frequency of ED visit# (median, IQR)	18 (10–27)	17 (10–27)	18 (11–28)

AMI, acute myocardial infarction; CCI score, Charlson comorbidity index score; CHF, congestive heart failure; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CLD, chronic liver disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ED, emergency department; GI, gastrointestinal; HTN, hypertension; ICH, intracranial hemorrhage; ICU, intensive care unit; IQR, interquartile range; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; OPD, outpatient department; PPI, proton pump inhibitor; SD, standard deviation. ^¶Use for more than 1 week within a one-year period prior to the index date. ^#Within a one-year period prior to the index date.