Table 1.
Detailed information on bioactive ingredients targeting oxidative stress.
| No. | Active ingredients | Natural drug | Mechanism of action | Treatment disease |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Ginsenoside Rb1 | Panax ginseng | (1) Inhibits the expression of proapoptotic genes Bax, Bad, and Fas (2) Increases the activity of antioxidant enzyme (3) Reduces the oxygen free radicals |
(1) Coronary heart disease (2) Ischemia-reperfusion injury |
| 2. | Ginsenoside Rg1 | Panax ginseng | (1) Inhibition of caspase-3, Bax, and ap-JNK expression (2) Increases the expression of p-ERK (3) Reduces ROS |
(1) Coronary heart disease (2) Ischemia-reperfusion injury |
| 3. | Ginsenoside Rg2 | Panax ginseng | (1) Inhibition of CK and LDH (2) Reduced LPO (3) Increases the activity of SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px |
(1) Coronary heart disease (2) Ischemia-reperfusion injury |
| 4. | Delphinidin-3-glucoside | Anthocyanidin | (1) Inhibits the expression of NOX2/NOX4 and caspase-3 (2) Reduces ROS (3) Induces autophagy through AMPK/SIRT1 |
(1) Coronary heart disease (2) Ischemia-reperfusion injury |
| 4. | Total flavonoids of matsuba | Matsuba | (1) Reduce O2 and H2O2 (2) Inhibit the formation of LPO and MDA (3) Increase the activity of SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT |
(1) Coronary heart disease (2) Atherosclerosis (3) Hyperlipidemia |
| 5. | Orientin | Passiflora leaves | (1) Reduces ROS (2) Increases the activity of antioxidant enzyme (3) Regulating AMPK, Akt, mTOR, and Bcl-2 |
(1) Coronary heart disease (2) Atherosclerosis |
| 6. | Hawthorn leaf flavonoids | Genus | (1) Inhibit the formation of LPO (2) Increase the activity of antioxidant enzyme (3) Inhibit free radical reaction |
(1) Coronary heart disease (2) Atherosclerosis (3) Hyperlipidemia |
| 7. | Anemarrhenoside | Anemarrhena asphodeloides | (1) Promoting the production of SOD (2) Inhibit the expression of prooxidative stress protein (3) Reduce ROS |
Ischemia-reperfusion |
| 8. | Hesperidin | Citrus fruits | (1) Regulating Nrf2/ARE/HO-1 and TGF-beta1/Smad3 signal transduction (2) Regulating PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway |
Ischemia-reperfusion |
| 9. | Resveratrol | Peanuts, red wine, mulberries, etc. | (1) Inhibits the formation of oxygen free radicals (2) Reduces ROS (3) Increases the expression of eNOS by activating SIRT1 |
(1) Hypertension (2) Ischemia-reperfusion |
| 10. | Tea polyphenols | Tea | (1) Increase the activity of SOD (2) Inhibit the formation of LPO (3) Downregulating Hcy metabolic enzymes |
(1) Hypertension (2) Ischemia-reperfusion |
| 11. | Saponins of Panax notoginseng | Panax notoginseng | (1) Inhibit the formation of LPO and MDA (2) Increase the activity of SOD (3) Upregulate the expression of GSH and CAT |
Hypertension |
| 12. | Berberine | Rhizoma coptidis | Regulates the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway | Hypertension |
| 13. | Allicin | Allium in Liliaceae | (1) Scavenging free radicals (2) Inhibits the formation of ROS (3) Increases the activity of antioxidant enzyme |
Hypertension |
| 14. | Curcumin | Rhizome of a turmeric plant | (1) Reducing the formation of peroxides (2) Inhibiting the expression of Bax, beclin-1, BNIP3, and SIRT1 (3) Inhibiting PI3K-AKT-mTOR signal transduction |
Hypertension |
| 15. | Astragaloside IV | Astragalus propinquus | (1) Increases the activity of T-SOD, GSH-PX, and CAT (2) Inhibits the formation of MPO, NADPH, MDA, and ROS (3) Inhibits the activity of CPK and LDH |
(1) Heart failure (2) Heart remodeling (3) Ventricular dysfunction |
| 16. | Tetramethylpyrazine | Ligusticum chuanxiong | (1) Increased the expression level of microRNA-499a (2) Upregulation of sirtuin1 |
(1) Heart failure (2) Coronary heart disease |
| 17. | Gastrodin | Gastrodia elata | (1) Inhibits the formation of LPO and oxygen free radicals (2) Increases the activity of SOD |
Heart failure |
| 18. | Safflower | Crocus sativus L. | (1) Inducing autophagy (2) Increasing the expression of Nrf2/HO-1/NADPH/NQO1 |
Heart failure |
| 19. | Ferulic acid | Angelica sinensis | (1) Inhibition of CK and LDH (2) Activating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway (3) Reduces ROS |
Heart failure |
| 20. | Paeonol | Paeonia suffruticosa | (1) Increases the activity of SOD (2) Inhibits the formation of LPO and oxygen free radical |
(1) Arrhythmia (2) Coronary heart disease |
| 21. | Matrine | Sophora flavescens | Increases the activity of antioxidant enzyme | Arrhythmia |
| 22. | Astragalus polysaccharide | Astragalus propinquus | (1) Increases the activity of SOD (2) Inhibits the formation of LPO, ROS, and oxygen free radical (3) Increased the expression of 8-OH-AD |
(1) Coronary heart disease (2) Acute myocardial infarction |
| 23. | Quercetin | Dendrobium nobile | (1) Inhibits the expression of aldose reductase (2) Inhibits the formation of MPO and NADPH (3) Inhibits the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) |
(1) Acute myocardial infarction (2) Ischemia-reperfusion |
| 24. | Tanshinone II-A | Salvia miltiorrhiza | (1) Upregulation of Nrf-2 (2) Regulates the autophagy genes ATG and LC3 |
(1) Coronary heart disease (2) Acute myocardial infarction |
| 25. | Gypenoside | Gynostemma pentaphyllum | (1) Increases the activity of SOD (2) Inhibits the formation of oxygen free radical |
Acute myocardial infarction |
| 26. | Soybean isoflavone | Glycine max | (1) Increases the activity of SOD and GSH-Px (2) Inhibits the activity of NADPH and NOX |
(1) Acute myocardial infarction (2) Hyperlipidemia |
| 27. | Hydroxy safflower yellow | Carthamus tinctorius L. | (1) Activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway (2) Increases the expression of NADPH and NQO1 |
Acute myocardial infarction |
ROS: reactive oxygen species; ap-JNK: C-Jun N-terminal kinase- (JNK-) c-Jun/activated protein (AP); p-ERK: protein kinase R- (PKR-) like endoplasmic reticulum kinase; CK: creatine kinase; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; LPO: lipid peroxidation; SOD: superoxide dismutase; CAT: catalase; MDA: malondialdehyde; GSH-Px: glutathione peroxidase; eNOS: endothelial nitric oxide synthase; NADPH: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; NOX2: NADPH oxidase 2; NOX4: NADPH oxidase 4; AMPK: adenosine 5′-monophosphate- (AMP-) activated protein kinase; SIRT1: sirtuin1; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; Akt: serine/threonine kinase Akt; mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin; Nrf2: nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; ARE: antioxidant response element; HO-1: heme oxygenase 1; TGF-beta1: transforming growth factor beta 1; NQO1: NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1.