Table 1.

Demographics and Test Performance

Variables	N	Mean	SD	Skewness	Kurtosis	Min	Max
Gender (male)	264 (147)	-	-	-	-	-	-
FRL (yes)	262 (220)	-	-	-	-	-	-
IEP (yes)	251 (20)	-	-	-	-	-	-
Race (Caucasian/Black/Hispanic)	264 (77/117/43)	-	-	-	-	-	-
ELL (yes)	261 (34)	-	-	-	-	-	-
Rapid Sound Naming	265	26.99	11.02	0.33	1.59	0	76
Rapid Letter Naming	265	37.40	12.41	−0.15	0.45	0	71
Phonemic Decoding Efficiency	265	2.52	2.82	1.09	0.48	0	12
Word Attack	265	2.78	2.97	0.87	−0.39	0	11
Vocabulary	265	16.63	6.20	−0.24	−0.03	0	33
Listening Comprehension	265	12.13	4.77	−0.17	−0.53	0	22
Passage Comprehension	265	8.87	2.83	0.13	−0.53	3	17
Non-verbal Reasoning	265	6.69	4.00	1.14	1.57	0	22
Listening Recall	265	2.22	3.08	1.20	0.67	0	12
TOWRE sight word pretreatment+	265	10.03 (.03)	4.73	−0.23	−0.34	0	22
TOWRE sight word posttreatment+	251	32.22 (.31)	10.11	0.09	−0.08	7	56
TOWRE sight word follow-up+	236	43.81 (.14)	11.99	−0.32	−0.46	12	70

Note. N = the number of data points. FRL: Free/Reduced lunch status; ELL: English language learning status; Rapid Sound Naming: Rapid Sound Naming Test (D. Fuchs et al., 2001); Rapid Letter Naming: Rapid Letter Naming Test (D. Fuchs et al., 2001); Phonemic Decoding Efficiency: TOWRE-Phonemic Decoding Efficiency (Torgesen et al., 1999); Word Attack: WMRT-R-Word Attack (Woodcock, 1998); Vocabulary: WASI-Vocabulary (Wechsler, 1999); Listening Comprehension: WJ3-Oral Comprehension Subtest (Woodcock, 2001); Passage Comprehension: WRMT-R-Passage Comprehension Subtest (Woodcock, 1998); Non-verbal Reasoning: WASI-Matrix Reasoning Subtest (Wechsler, 1999); Listening Recall: WMTB-Listening Recall (Pickering & Gathercole, 2001); TOWRE sight word pretest, posttest, and follow-up: The Sight Word Efficiency subtest of the TOWRE (Torgesen et al., 1999) at the beginning of 1st grade, the end of 1st grade, and the end of 2nd grade, respectively.

Z scores of TOWRE performance at three time points are in parentheses and are based on the control group’s performance.