Table 1.
Publications in 2013 that reported measurements of concentrations of parasite-specific antibodies in wild animals
| Pathogenic agent | Host Species | Assay method | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Avian influenza viruses | American black duck (Anas rubripes), Mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos), Northern pintail (Anas acuta), Northern rockhopper penguin (Eudyptes moseleyi), Southern rockhopper penguin (Eudyptes chrysocome), Macaroni penguin (Eudyptes chrysolophus), Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica), Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua), King penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus), Tundra swan (Cygnus columbianus), Pacific black brant (Branta bernicla nigricans), Greater white-fronted goose (Anser albifrons), Emperor goose (Chen canagica), Common eider (Somateria mollissima), Cackling goose (Branta hutchinsii), Spectacle eider (Somateria fischeri), Steller’s eider (Polysticta stelleri), Long-tailed duck (Clangula hyemalis), Black scoter (Melanitta nigra) | Commercial anti-influenza nucleoprotein competitive ELISA | Huang et al. (2013), Wilson et al. (2013), Abad et al. (2013) |
| Influenza viruses | Raccoon (Nyctereutes procyonoides) | Commercial anti-influenza nucleoprotein competitive ELISA | Cha et al. (2013) |
| Besnoitia besnoiti | Red deer (Cervus elaphus), Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), Chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra), Mouflon (Ovis musimon) | In-house ELISA using tachyzoite antigen extract and anti-deer IgG secondary antibody | Gutierrez-Exposito et al. (2013) |
| Blue tongue virus | Red deer (Cervus elaphus), Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), Chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra), Alpine ibex (Capra ibex) | Competitive ELISA developed for cattle | Casaubon et al. (2013) |
| Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato | Small Japanese field mouse (Apodemus argenteus), Large Japanese field mouse (Apodemus speciosus), Grey red-backed vole (Myodes rufocanus), Northern red-backed vole (Myodes rutilus) | Commercial indirect ELISA modified using an anti-mouse (Mus musculus) IgG secondary antibody | Taylor et al. (2013) |
| Bovine viral diarrhea virus | Common eland (Tragelaphus/Taurotragus oryx), Greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) | In-house competitve ELISA | Scott et al. (2013) |
| Brucella sp. | Hooded seal (Cystophora cristata), Minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), Sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis), Fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus), Polar bear (Ursus maritimus), Caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus), Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) | In-house indirect ELISA using peroxidase-conjugated protein A, protein G or protein A/G as a secondary “antibody” | Nymo et al. (2013) |
| Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus | European brown hare (Lepus europeus) | In-house indirect ELISA using goat anti-rabbit IgG secondary antibody | Nemeth et al. (2013) |
| Foot and mouth disease virus | Buffalo (Syncerus caffer) | Liquid phase blocking ELISA (similar to a competitive ELISA) | Miguel et al. (2013) |
| Francisella tularensis | Wild boar (Sus scrofa), Racoon (Nyctereutes procyonoides), Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) | In-house indirect ELISA using peroxydase-conjugated protein G as secondary “antibody” | Kuehn et al. (2013) |
| Leishmania mexicana | Mantled howler monkey (Alouatta palliata), Guatemalan black howler monkey (Alouatta pigra) | In-house indirect ELISA using crude parasite extracts and an anti-monkey IgG secondary antibody | Rovirosa-Hernandez et al. (2013) |
| Trypanosoma cruzi | |||
| Orthopoxvirus | Roof rat (Rattus rattus) | In-house indirect ELISA using crude Vaccinia virus antigen and goat anti-rat IgG secondary antibody | Salzer et al. (2013) |
| Peste des petits ruminants virus | Buffalo (Syncerus caffer), Thomson’s gazelle (Eudorcas thomsonii), Grant’s gazelle (Nanger granti) | Competitive ELISA developed for sheep and goats | Lembo et al. (2013) |
| Phocine herpesvirus 1 | Harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) | In-house indirect ELISA using peroxidase-conjugated protein A as a secondary “antibody” | Roth et al. (2013) |
| Rabies virus | Raccoon (Nyctereutes procyonoides), Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) | Commercial competitive ELISA; in-house indirect ELISA using an anti-dog IgG secondary antibody | Wasniewski et al. (2013) |
| Rift valley fever virus | Buffalo (Syncerus caffer), Common eland (Tragelaphus/Taurotragus oryx), Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis), Waterbuck (Kobus ellipsiprymus), Kongoni/Hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus), Gerenuk (Litocranius walleri), Warthog (Phacochoerus africanus), Impala (Apyceros melampus), Lesser Kudu (Tragelaphus imberbis) | In-house competitve ELISA | Britch et al. (2013) |
| Swine vesicular disease, hepatitis E virus, swine influenza virus, Aujesky’s disease virus, African swine fever virus, classical swine fever virus, porcine parvovirus, porcine rotavirus, porcine respiratory coronavirus, transmissible gastroentiritis virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus | Wild boar (Sus scrofa) | Direct use of kits designed for use in pig farms | Albayrak et al. (2013); Rodriguez-Prieto (2013) |
| Trichinella zimbabwensis | Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) | In-house indirect ELISA with a specifically produced rabbit anti-crocodile IgG used as secondary antibody | Ludovisi et al. (2013) |
| West Nile virus | White stork (Ciconia ciconia), Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis), Rock dove (Columba livia), Black kite (Milvus migrans), Blackbird (Turdus merula) | Competitive ELISA developed for wild birds screening | Bakonyi et al. (2013) |
The table illustrates the tools that are available across a wide range of wildlife species, especially birds and mammals. The existence of these ELISA kits and host species-compatible secondary reagents suggests that raw materials are available for development of custom assays tailored for application to many eco-immunological systems and questions.