Table 2.

Key drug interactions and expected toxicities among direct oral anticoagulants and candidate drugs for COVID-19 management. Evidence concerning cardiotoxicity associated with agents used for COVID-19 management is also provided

CYP cytochrome P450, P-gp P-glycoprotein, AUC area under the time-concentration curve, DOAC direct oral anticoagulant, DDI drug-drug interaction, OATP1B1 organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1, C_max peak concentration, TdP torsade de pointes, IL-6 interleukin-6

Red box: avoid co-administration (contraindicated or not recommended). Orange box: potential interaction (caution should be exercised and consider dose adjustment or alternative drugs). Yellow box: potential weak interaction (monitoring for potential underexposure or toxicity). Green box: no interaction expected based on pharmacokinetic properties, although no clinical data exist

DDIs were checked through https://www.covid19-druginteractions.org/, except for *, where DDIs were predicted on the basis of PK data retrieved from the summary of product characteristics or literature review

⁺⁺Occurs frequently. ⁺Occurs occasionally according to summary of product characteristics