Table 4.
Characteristics of studies that met inclusion criteria
| First author and publication year | No., race/ethnicity, location | Age | Study design | Citation | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Range, y | Mean, y | Cross-sectional | Longitudinal | |||
| Aguilar-Zavala 2012 | 290 postmenopausal women from 3 cities in Mexico, race/ethnicity not specified | Unstated | 54 | X | (30) | |
| Butts 2012 | 157 EA; 139 AA in Philadelphia County (Penn Ovarian Aging Study) | 35-47 late reproductive age at enrollment, VMS assessed 11 y later | EA 51 (median); AA 51 (median) | X | (20) | |
| Candrakova 2018 | 367 women Western and Central Slovakia, race/ethnicity not specified | 40-60 | Premenopausal 45, perimenopausal 49, postmenopausal 54 | X | (21) | |
| Crandall 2017 | 17 695 postmenopausal women at 40 US clinical centers; EA 8185; AA 6732, Hispanic 2778 | 50-79 | 64 | X | (22) | |
| Crandall 2006 | 1467 premenopausal (55%) and perimenopausal (45%) women; 359 AA, 791 Caucasian, 151 Chinese, 166 Japanese women in Pittsburgh, PA; Boston, MA; Detroit, MI; Chicago, IL; Los Angeles, CA; Oakland, CA; and Jersey City, NJ | 42-52 | 46 | X | (23) | |
| Kapoor 2019 | 140 perimenopausal and postmenopausal women in the Women’s Health Clinic at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, MN, race/ethnicity and location of participants not stated | Unstated | Unstated | X | (24) | |
| Luptakova 2012 | 399 premenopausal, perimenopausal, or postmenopausal women from Western and Central Slovakia, race/ethnicity not specified | 39-60 | 53 postmenopausal, 46 premenopausal, and perimenopausal | X | (29) | |
| Malacara 2004 | 177 postmenopausal women living in Mexico; race and locations of participants not stated | Not stated | 53 (PvuII group), 53-54 (XbaI group)a | X | (25) | |
| Massad-Costa 2008 | 93 postmenopausal women, race and locations of participants not stated | Not stated | 53 | X | (26) | |
| Montasser 2015 | 788 EA, 206 AA premenopausal and perimenopausal Baltimore-area women | 45-54 | 48 | X | (27) | |
| Rebbeck 2010 | 436 premenopausal women (206 AA, 207 EA) from Penn Ovarian Aging Study, Philadelphia County | 35-47 | Unstated | X | (3) | |
| Schilling 2007 | 639 women, 532 white, 94 black in Baltimore | 45-54 | Unstated (413 aged 45-59, 226 aged 50-54) | X | (28) | |
| Schneider 2009 | 441 premenopausal and 533 postmenopausal Caucasian women, single site, in “Friends for Life” project, area of Indianapolis, IN, women with (520) and without (715) breast cancer, 20% taking breast cancer hormonal therapy, 15% taking medications that could decrease hot flashes (eg, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, clonidine, menopausal hormone therapy) | Unstated | Unstated | X | (19) | |
| Takeo 2005 | 51 postmenopausal women in Japan, single-site study, location and race/ethnicity of participants not specified | Unstated | Mean age 56 in group with extremely short (≤ 17) and 1 long (≥ 22 repeats) C-A allele; mean age 54 in group with 2 short (18-21) C-A repeat alleles; mean age 55 in group with 1 short and 1 long C-A repeat allele; mean age 56 in group with 2 long C-A repeat alleles | X | (18) | |
| Visvanathan 2005 | 354 women with hot flushes, 258 women without hot flushes in Midlife Health Study, Baltimore residents. 82% black and 18% AA among women with hot flushes; 87% white, 11% AA among women with hot flushes | 45-54 | 49 (women with hot flushes), 48y (women without hot flushes) | X | (17) | |
| Woods 2018 | 140 women, 3% AA, 9% Asian/Pacific Islander, 88% Caucasian, 1% Hispanic or mixed race/ethnicity, Seattle Midlife Women’s Health Study, locations of participants not further described | 35-55 | 41 | X | (16) | |
| Woods 2006 | 104 women (4% AA, 5% Asian American, 0% Hispanic, 89% white non-Hispanic), Seattle Midlife Women’s Health Study, locations of participants not further described | Unstated | 53 | X | (15) | |
| Ziv-Gal 2012 | 639 women (413 aged 45-49; 226 aged 50-54), 532 Caucasian, 94 AA, 11 other race), Baltimore city and surrounding counties | 45-54 | Unstated | X | (14) | |
Abbreviations: AA, African American; CA, California; C-A, cytosine-adenine; EA, European American; IL, Illinois; IN, Indiana; MA, Massachusetts; MI, Michigan; MN, Minnesota; PA, Pennsylvania; VMS, vasomotor symptoms.
a PvuII and XbaI are genetic variants in the estrogen receptor gene.