Table 3.
Characteristics of included animal studies.
| References, country | Animals | Models | N | Treatment and daily dose | Duration | Specimens | Analysis methods | Comparison | Outcomes | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| α-diversity | β-diversity | Taxonomic composition | SCFAs | Bile acids | |||||||||
| Studies in mice (n = 30) | |||||||||||||
| Ryan et al. (37), Ireland | Male C57BL/6 | HFD | 14/14 | M (300 mg/kg) vs. non-treatment | 12 w | Ceca | 16S rRNA V3–V4 region | With vs. without | √ | √ | √ | ||
| Ji et al. (38), China | Male C57BL/6J | HFD | 5/5 | M (300 mg/kg) vs. non-treatment | 3 w | Feces | 16S rRNA V4 region | With vs. without | √ | √ | √ | ||
| Adeshirlarijaney et al. (41), USA | Male C57BL/6 | HFD | 10/NA | M (300 mg/kg IP) vs. vehicle | 10 w | Feces | 16S rRNA V4 region | With vs. without | √ | √ | √ | ||
| Liao et al. (60), China | Male C57BL/6 | HFD | NA | A (400 mg/kg) vs. Si (4 g/kg) vs. Sa (300 mg/kg) vs. L (200 μg/kg) vs. normal saline | 4 w | Feces | 16S rDNA V3–V4 region | With vs. without (Si) | √ | √ | √ | ||
| With vs. without (A, Sa, L) | √ | ||||||||||||
| Madsen et al. (65), Denmark | Male C57BL/6 | HFD | 15/15 | L (0.4 mg/kg) vs. vehicle | 28 d | Feces | 16S rDNA V3–V4 region and metagenomics | Post vs. pre | √ | √ | √ | ||
| Wang et al. (45), Korea | Male C57BL/6J | HFD | 16/8 | M (100 mg/kg) vs. non-treatment | 10 w | Feces | 16S rRNA gene RT-qPCR | With vs. without | √ | √ | |||
| Lee et al. (48), Korea | Male C57BL/6N | HFD | 6/6 | M (250 mg/kg) vs. non-treatment | 16 w | Ceca | 16S rRNA V4 region | With vs. without | √ | √ | √ | ||
| Zhou et al. (53), China | Male C57BL/6J | HFD | NA | M (100 mg/kg) vs. non-treatment | 4 w | Feces | 16S rRNA gene RT-qPCR | With vs. without | √ | ||||
| Do et al. (63), Korea | Male C57BL/6J | HFD | 9/10 | Vo (1 mg/kg) vs. non-treatment | 12 w | Feces | 16S rRNA V1–V3 region | With vs. without | √ | √ | |||
| Lee and Ko (55), Korea | Female C57BL/6 | ND, HFD | NA | M (300 mg/kg) vs. non-treatment | 10 w | Feces | 16S rRNA V1–V3 region | With vs. without | √ | √ | √ | ||
| Shin et al. (56), Korea | C57BL/6 | ND, HFD | 12/12 | M (300 mg/kg) vs. non-treatment | 6 w | Feces | 16S rRNA gene RT-qPCR | With vs. without | √ | √ | |||
| Dong et al. (39), USA | KC | Gene knockout with HFCD | 8/8 | M (5 mg/ml in drinking water) vs. non-treatment | 2 m | Duodena, ilea, ceca | 16S rRNA V4 region | With vs. without | √ | √ | √ | ||
| Brandt et al. (40), Germany | Female C57BL/6J | FFCD | 6–8/6–8 | M (300 mg/kg) vs. non-treatment | 4 d | Proximal small intestine | 16S rRNA V1–V2 region | With vs. without | √ | √ | √ | ||
| Baxter et al. (61), USA | Male C57BL/6 | HSD, PPD | 25/5 | A (25, 400 mg/kg) vs. non-treatment | 2 w | Feces | 16S rRNA V4 region | With vs. without | √ | √ | √ | ||
| Post vs. pre | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||||
| Kishida et al. (64), Japan | Male C57BL/6J | HFHSD | 10/10 | Mi 0.04% in diet vs. non-treatment | 12 w | Feces | 16S rRNA V3–V4 region | With vs. without | √ | √ | √ | ||
| Olivares et al. (74), Belgium | Male C57BL/6J | WD | 9/9 | Vi (0.6 mg/mL in drinking water) vs. non-treatment | 8 w | Ceca | 16S rRNA V5–V6 region | With vs. without | √ | √ | √ | √ | |
| Zheng et al. (44), China | Male C57BL/6J | HFD/STZ | 48/8 | M (75, 200 mg/kg) vs. normal saline | 5 w | Feces | 16S rRNA V3–V4 region | With vs. without | √ | √ | |||
| Wang et al. (70), China | Male ApoE−/− | HFD ± STZ | 20/20/20 | L (0.4 mg/kg) vs. Sa (10 mg/kg) vs. non-treatment | 8 w | Feces | 16S rRNA V1–V3 region | With vs. without (L, Sa) | √ | √ | √ | ||
| Xue et al. (36), China | Female C57BL/6J | DHEA+HFD | 10/10 | M (1.9 g/kg) vs. normal saline | 21 d | Feces | 16S rDNA V3–V4 region | With vs. without | √ | √ | |||
| Moreira et al. (68), Brazil | Male C57BL/6J and female ob/ob | ND, HFD, gene knockout | 24–48/24–48 | L (400 μg/kg) vs. normal saline | 15 d | Feces | 16S rRNA V3–V4 region | With vs. without | √ | √ | |||
| Ma et al. (46), China | C57BL/6 | ND | 10/9 | M (300 mg/kg) vs. normal saline | 30 d | Feces | 16S rRNA | With vs. without | √ | √ | √ | ||
| Xu et al. (62), China | Male ICR | ND | 5/5/5 | A (4 mg/kg) vs. Vo (0.008 mg/kg) vs. non-treatment | 2 w | Intestine | 16S rRNA V4 region | With vs. without | √ | √ | |||
| Zhang et al. (35), China | BKSLeprdb (db/db) | Gene knockout | 5/5 | M (113.75 mg/kg) vs. non-treatment | 11 w | Feces | 16S rRNA V3–V4 region | With vs. without | √ | √ | √ | √ | |
| Lee et al. (76), USA | C57BLKS/J-leprdb/leprdb (db/db) | Gene knockout | 12/12 | D (60 mg/kg in diet) vs. non-treatment | 8 w | Feces | 16S rRNA V4 region | With vs. without | √ | √ | √ | ||
| Li et al. (75), China | Male ICR MafA-deficient | Gene knockout | 8/8 | D (1.0 mg/kg) vs. normal saline | 6 w | Intestine and feces | 16S rRNA V3–V4 region | With vs. without | √ | √ | √ | √ | |
| Li et al. (78), China | Female KKAy | Gene knockout | 6/6 | P vs. distilled water | NA | Feces | 16S rDNA DGGE | With vs. without | √ | √ | √ | ||
| Wang et al. (79), China | KKAy | Gene knockout | 7/6 | R (2 mg/kg) vs. distilled water | 8 w | Intestine | Cultivation | With vs. without | √ | ||||
| Smith et al. (59), USA | Offsprings of female CByB6 mF1/J and male C3D2F1/J | ND | 71/72 | A (1,000 ppm with diet) vs. non-treatment | 17–25 m | Feces | 16S rRNA V4 region | With vs. without | √ | √ | √ | √ | |
| Salomäki-Myftari et al. (52), Finland | Offsprings of homozygous OE-NPY | Gene knockout | NA | M (300 mg/kg) vs. vehicle (for dams) | 18 d | Feces | 16S rRNA V4–V5 region | With vs. without | √ | √ | |||
| Mishima et al. (77), Japan | Male C57BL/6 | Adenine induced renal failure | 8/8 | C (10 mg/kg) vs. vehicle | 2 w | Ceca | 16S rRNA V1–V2 region | With vs. without | √ | √ | √ | ||
| Studies in rats (n = 17) | |||||||||||||
| Bauer et al. (43), Canada | Male SD | HFD | 6/6 | M (200 mg/kg) vs. normal saline | 1 d | Lumina | 16S rRNA V3 region | With vs. without | √ | √ | √ | ||
| Zhang et al. (54), China | Male W | HFD | 10/10 | M (200 mg/kg) vs. vehicle | 8 w | Feces | 16S rRNA V3 region | With vs. without | √ | √ | √ | ||
| Pyra et al. (57), Canada | Male SD | HFHSD | 20/10 | M (300 mg/kg) vs. non-treatment | 7 w | Ceca | DNA gene RT-qPCR | With vs. without | √ | ||||
| Dennison et al. (72), Canada | Female SD | HFHSD | 11–13/11–13 | Si (10 mg/kg) vs. non-treatment | 12 w | Feces | 16S rRNA gene RT-qPCR | With vs. without | √ | ||||
| Liu et al. (47), China | Male W | HFD/STZ | 10/10 | M (200 mg/kg) vs. non-treatment | 4 w | Colon | 16S rRNA V3–V4 region | With vs. without | √ | √ | √ | ||
| Xu M et al. (42), China | SD | HFHSD/STZ | 10/10 | M (1.8 g/kg) vs. non-M | 4 w | Feces | 16S rDNA gene qPCR | With vs. without | √ | ||||
| Zhang et al. (69), China | Male SD | HFD/STZ | 6/6 | L (0.4 mg/kg) vs. normal saline | NA | Feces | 16S rRNA V3–V4 region | With vs. without | √ | √ | √ | ||
| Zhang et al. (6), China | Male SD | HFD/STZ | 12/6 | Vi (0.01, 0.02 g/kg) vs. vehicle | 12 w | Feces | 16S rRNA V3–V4 region | With vs. without | √ | √ | √ | ||
| Yan et al. (73), China | Male SD | HFHC/STZ | 10/10 | Si (10 mg/kg) vs. non-treatment | 12 w | Feces | 16S rRNA V1–V3 region | With vs. without | √ | √ | √ | ||
| Yuan et al. (67), China | Male SD | STZ | 6/6 | L (0.6 mg/kg) vs. non-L | NA | Feces | 16S rRNA V3 region | With vs. without | √ | ||||
| Zhang et al. (5), China | Male ZDF | Gene knockout | 8/8/8/8 | A (32.27 mg/kg) vs. M (215.15 mg/kg) vs. Si (10.76 mg/kg) vs. normal saline | 4 w | Feces | 16S rRNA V3–V4 region | A vs. M A vs. Si | √ | √ | √ | ||
| With vs. without (A) | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||||
| With vs. without (M, Si) | √ | √ | |||||||||||
| Shin et al. (49), Korea | Male OLETF | Gene knockout | 7/7 | M (100 mg/kg) vs. water | 12 w | Feces | 16S rRNA V1–V3 region | With vs. without | √ | √ | √ | ||
| Wang et al. (50), Korea | Male OLETF | Gene knockout | NA | M (100 mg/kg) vs. distilled water | 12 w | Feces | 16S rRNA V3 region | With vs. without | √ | √ | √ | ||
| Han et al. (51), Korea | Male OLETF | Gene knockout | 7/7 | M (100 mg/kg) vs. distilled water | 12 w | Feces | 16S rRNA V1–V2 region | With vs. without | √ | √ | |||
| Zhao et al. (58), China | Male GK | Gene knockout | 6/6 | A (50 mg/kg) vs. normal saline | 8 w | Colon, feces | 16S rRNA V3–V4 region | With vs. without | √ | √ | √ | ||
| Zhao et al. (66), China | Male W and GK | HFD, gene knockout | 16/16 | L (400 μg/kg) vs. normal saline | 12 w | Feces | 16S rRNA V3–V4 region | With vs. without | √ | √ | √ | ||
| Kaya et al. (71), Japan | Male OLETF | Gene knockout and PS | 10/10 | An (45 mg/kg) vs. vehicle | 8 w | Feces | 16S rRNA V4 region | With vs. without | √ | √ | |||
A, acarbose; An, anagliptin; C, canagliflozin; D, dapagliflozin; G, glipizide; Mi, miglitol; M, metformin; L, liraglutide; P, pioglitazone; R, rosiglitazone; Si, sitagliptin; Sa, saxagliptin; Vo, voglibose; Vi, vildagliptin; HFD, high-fat diet; ND, normal-chow diet; HFHSD, high-fat high-sucrose diet; HFHCD, high-fat high-carbohydrate diet; DHEA, trans-dehydroandrosterone; HFCD, high-fat high-calories diet; FFCD, fat-, fructose-, and cholesterol-rich diet; HSD, high-starch diet; PPD, plant plolysaccharide diet; WD, Western diet; STZ, streptozocin intraperitoneal injection; DHEA, trans-dehydroandrosterone; PS, pocrine serum intraperitoneal injection; IP, Intraperitoneal injection; SD rats, Sprague-Dawley rats; ZDF rats, Male Zucker diabetic fatty rats, induced by leptin receptor gene knockout; KC mice, LSL-KrasG12D/+ and p48-Cre+/- mice, induced by LSL-KRASG12D and Cre alleles knockout; OLETF rats, Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats, induced by spontaneous CCK1 receptor knockout; OE-NPY mice, homozygous transgenic OE-NPY mice, induced by transgenic mice overexpressing Neuropeptide Y under dopamine–β-hydroxylase promoter; W rats, Wistar rats; GK rats, Goto-Kakizaki rats, induced by polygenic Wistar substrain; ob/ob mice, mice model induced by Lep°b gene knockout; ICR MafA-deficient mice, model induced by targeted disruption of the mafA gene in ICR mice; db/db mice, model induced by mutation in the leptin receptor gene in mice; KKAy mice, induced by transfer the yellow obese gene (Ay) into KK mice; RT-qPCR, Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction; DGGE, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis; m, months; w, weeks; d, days; NA, not available; vs., versus.