Table 7.

Consistent and inconsistent effects of each anti-hyperglycemic drug on specific taxa in mouse gut microbiota, categorized by mice or rat models with three distinct animal models.

Specific taxa	Phylum	Na	Trendb	Mice models			Rat models
				Normal	Dietary or STZ	Gene knockout	Normal	Dietary or STZ	Gene knockout
METFORMIN
Consistent results
Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes		2	↓		↓ (2)
F_Porphyromonadaceae	Bacteroidetes	2	↑	↑	↑
F_Prevotellaceae	Bacteroidetes	2	↑	↑				↑
F_Rikenellaceae	Bacteroidetes	2	↑	↑ (2)
G_Butyricimonas	Bacteroidetes	2	↑		↑	↑
F_Enterococcaceae	Firmicutes	2	↓		↓			↓
F_Streptococcaceae	Firmicutes	2	↓		↓			↓
F_Verrucomicrobiaceae	Verrucomicrobia	4	↑	↑ (2)	↑ (3)
G_Akkermansia	Verrucomicrobia	8	↑		↑ (6)	↑		↑
S_Akkermansia spp.	Verrucomicrobia	2	↑	↑					↑
F_Alcaligenaceae	Proteobacteria	2	↑		↑			↑
Inconsistent results
P_Bacteroidetes	Bacteroidetes	8	↑	↔	↓, ↑ (4)			↔, ↑	↔
G_Bacteroides	Bacteroidetes	7	↑	↑	↔, ↓, ↑ (2)	↔		↑ (2)
G_Odoribacter	Bacteroidetes	3	↓		↓	↔			↓
G_Parabacteroides	Bacteroidetes	5	↑	↓	↓, ↑ (4)
G_Prevotella	Bacteroidetes	4	↑		↑	↓		↑ (2)
P_Firmicutes	Firmicutes	8	°	↔	↔, ↑, ↓ (3)			↔(2)	↑
G_Allobaculum	Firmicutes	5	°	↓	↑, ↓	↔		↑
G_Anaerotruncus	Firmicutes	2	°		↓	↔
G_Blautia	Firmicutes	2	°		↓			↑
G_Christensenella	Firmicutes	2	°		↑	↔
G_Coprococcus	Firmicutes	3	↓		↓ (2)	↑
F_Dehalobacteriaceae	Firmicutes	2	°		↓				↑
G_Dehalobacterium	Firmicutes	2	°		↓				↑
G_Enterococcus	Firmicutes	5	↓		↓ (2)			↔, ↑, ↓
F_Lactobacillaceae	Firmicutes	2	°					↑, ↓
G_Lactobacillus	Firmicutes	8	↑		↑, ↓	↑		↓, ↑ (3)	↑
G_Lactococcus	Firmicutes	2	°		↑, ↓
G_Oscillospira	Firmicutes	2	°		↑, ↓
G_Roseburia	Firmicutes	2	°			↔		↓
G_Ruminococcus	Firmicutes	4	°	↑	↓ (2)	↑
G_Turicibacter	Firmicutes	3	°	↑		↔, ↓
G_Bifidobacterium	Actinobacteria	4	°		↔	↔		↑, ↓
P_Fusobacteria	Fusobacteria	2	°		↑				↓
C_Fusobacteriia	Fusobacteria	2	°		↑				↓
O_Fusobacteriales	Fusobacteria	2	°		↑				↓
P_Proteobacteria	Proteobacteria	4	↓		↓			↑, ↓	↓
G_Desulfovibrio	Proteobacteria	2	°		↓	↔
G_Escherichia	Proteobacteria	2	°		↑			↔
S_Escherichia coli	Proteobacteria	2	°		↓			↔
G_Klebsiella	Proteobacteria	2	°					↔, ↑
G_Parasutterella	Proteobacteria	3	↑	↑	↔			↑
G_Proteus	Proteobacteria	2	°		↑	↓
G_Sutterella	Proteobacteria	3	↑		↑	↔		↑
G_Trabulsiella	Proteobacteria	2	°		↓	↔
P_Tenericutes	Tenericutes	2	°		↑				↔
P_Verrucomicrobia	Verrucomicrobia	7	↑	↔	↑ (4)			↑, ↓	↓
S_Akkermansia muciniphila	Verrucomicrobia	4	↑		↔, ↑ (3)
G_AF12	NA	2	°		↓	↔
ACARBOSE
Consistent result
F_Lactobacillaceae	Firmicutes	2	↓	↓	↓
Inconsistent results
F_S24-7	Bacteroidetes	2	°	↑	↓
P_Firmicutes	Firmicutes	2	°			↔			↑
F_Erysipelotrichaceae	Firmicutes	2	°	↔	↑
G_Lachnospiraceae UCG-001	Firmicutes	2	°	↔					↑
G_Lactobacillus	Firmicutes	3	°	↔		↑			↓
G_Ruminococcus 2	Firmicutes	2	°	↓					↑
DAPAGLIFLOZIN
Inconsistent result
G_Enterococcus	Firmicutes	2	°			↑, ↓
LIRAGLUTIDE
Consistent results
Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes		2	↓				↓	↓	↓
G_Blautia	Firmicutes	2	↑		↓				↓
S_Akkermansia muciniphila	Verrucomicrobia	2	↑		↑ (2)
Inconsistent results
P_Actinobacteria	Actinobacteria	2	°		↓			↔	↔
P_Bacteroidetes	Bacteroidetes	3	↑		↓			↑ (2)	↑
G_Bacteroides	Bacteroidetes	3	°		↓			↑	↔
C_Bacteroidia	Bacteroidetes	2	°		↓			↑	↑
O_Bacteroidales	Bacteroidetes	2	°		↓			↑
F_Porphyromonadaceae	Bacteroidetes	2	°		↓			↑
G_Prevotella_9	Bacteroidetes	2	°					↓, ↑	↑
P_Firmicutes	Firmicutes	3	°		↑			↔, ↓	↔
G_Allobaculum	Firmicutes	2	°		↑				↔
G_Christensenellaceae _R_7_group	Firmicutes	2	°					↔, ↓	↔
F_Lachnospiraceae	Firmicutes	2	°		↓			↔	↔
F_Ruminococcaceae	Firmicutes	2	°					↔, ↑	↔
G_Lactobacillus	Firmicutes	2	°		↑			↓	↔
G_Roseburia	Firmicutes	2	°		↓				↔
P_Proteobacteria	Proteobacteria	3	↓	↓	↓ (2)	↓		↔	↔
P_Tenericutes	Tenericutes	2	°					↔, ↓	↔
P_Verrucomiacrobia	Verrucomiacrobia	2	°	↑	↑			↔	↔
SITAGLIPTIN
Consistent results
G_Bacteroides	Bacteroidetes	2	↑		↑			↑
G_Blautia	Firmicutes	2	↓		↓			↓
Inconsistent results
P_Bacteroidetes	Bacteroidetes	2	°		↑				↔
F_Prevotellaceae	Bacteroidetes	2	°		↑			↔
P_Firmicutes	Firmicutes	2	°					↓	↑
G_Lactobacillus	Firmicutes	2	°					↓	↑
G_Roseburia	Firmicutes	2	°		↓			↔
P_Proteobacteria	Proteobacteria	2	°					↑	↓
P_Tenericutes	Tenericutes	2	°					↑	↔
VILDAGLIPTIN
Consistent result
G_Oscillibacter	Firmicutes	2	↓		↓
Inconsistent result
G_Bacteroides	Bacteroidetes	2	°		↔			↑

P, Phylum; C, Class; O, Order; F, Family; G, Genus;

^aNumber of studies;

^bTrend of alteration (reported in > 50% of studies): ↑, a trend of increase; ↓, a trend of decrease; °, inconclusive results; Alteration of specific taxa: ↑, significant increase; ↓, significant decrease; ↔, no significant difference; (n), number of papers (≥2) reported the same results.