Figure 2.

Forest plot of the associations between standardized values of SD and both binary (A) and continuous (B) neuropathy endpoints. For binary outcomes results are presented as odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals. Odds ratio shows the change in odds for an increase of one deviation in the HbA_1c. For continuous outcomes results are presented as estimates and 95% confidence intervals. Estimates show the percentage change in the outcomes for an increase of one standard deviation in the SD. Studies with confidence interval crossing the vertical line are inconclusive. Model 1: unadjusted. Model 4: adjusted for age, gender, diabetes duration, BMI, exercise, systolic blood pressure, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, and current smoking. SDNN, RMSSD, LF, HF, LF/HF ratio, and total are adjusted for HR in every model. Outcomes of DSPN are define as presence of symmetric abnormal results. Binary outcomes were only included in the analyses if presence of five or more abnormal events. CAN, Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy; SNC, sural nerve conduction; SNAP, sural nerve amplitude potential; SNCV, sural nerve conduction velocity; ESC, Electrochemical skin conduction; RMSSD, root mean square of the sum of the squares of differences between consecutive R–R intervals; SDNN, standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals; LF/HF ratio, low-frequency power/high-frequency power ratio; VPT, vibration perception threshold. *P < 0.05.