Table 2.
Distribution of outcome and GV measures and prevalences of abnormal results.
| N | 133 | |
|---|---|---|
| GV measures | Mean (SD)/median [IQR] | Prevalence n (%) |
| CV (%) | 40 (10) | NA |
| SD (mmol/l) | 3.9 [3.2;4.7] | NA |
| MAGE (mmol/l) | 7.7 [5.9;9.9] | NA |
| CONGA (mmol/l) | 9.1 (2.2) | NA |
| Time spent in hypoglycaemia (min.) / (%) | 35 [0;120] / 1.0 [0.0;4.0] | NA |
| Time spent in euglycaemia (min.) / (%) | 3065 [2125;3895] / 52.2 (19.6) | NA |
| Time spent in hyperglycaemia (min.) / (%) | 2650 [1740;3480] / 44.7 (20.6) | NA |
| Outcome Measures | ||
| CAN Measures | ||
| CAN | NA | 8 (6.1) |
| Early CAN | NA | 35 (26.9) |
| Lying to standing ratio (30:15) | 1.4 (0.2) | 21 (15.9) |
| Deep breathing ratio (E:I) | 1.5 (0.2) | 10 (7.6) |
| Valsalva Maneuver ratio (VM) | 1.7 (0.4) | 22 (16.9) |
| SDNN (ms) | 48.1 [36.3;68.2] | NA |
| RMSSD (ms) | 38.9 [25.7;59.3] | NA |
| LF (ms2) | 290.1 [130.1;670.0] | NA |
| HF (ms2) | 251.3 [114.6;516.0] | NA |
| LF/HF ratio | 1.3 [0.8;2.8] | NA |
| Total | 779.5 [444.4;1570.5] | NA |
| DSPN Measures | ||
| Subclinical DSPN | NA | 68 (51.1) |
| Confirmed DSPN | NA | 1 (0.8) |
| Possible DSPN | NA | 2 (1.5) |
| Probable DSPN | NA | 0 |
| Monofilament (≥ 1 missing response) | NA | 0 |
| Pin prick (≥ 1 missing response) | NA | 0 |
| SNC | NA | 62 (48.4) |
| SNAP (μV) | 11.7 [8.7;15.0] | 26 (20.3) |
| SNCV (m/s) | 50.8 (4.2) | 44 (34.4) |
| VPT (V) | 4.5 [3.5;5.5] | 1 (0.8) |
| ESC—hands (μS) | 77.5 [69.5;83.5] | 4 (3.0) |
| ESC—feet (μS) | 82.3 [78.6;85.8] | 6 (4.5) |
| Questionnaires | ||
| BPI questionnaire: | ||
| Painful neuropathy (% answered yes) | NA | 1 (0.8) |
| MNSI questionnaire: | ||
| MNSI neuropathy score (score ≥ 7 points) | 1 [0;2] | 0 |
Data are given in means (SD), medians [IQR], or proportions. NA, Not applicable.
CAN, Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy; RMSSD, root mean square of the sum of the squares of differences between consecutive R–R intervals; SDNN, standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals; LF/HF ratio, low-frequency power/high-frequency power ratio; DSPN, distal symmetric polyneuropathy; VPT, vibration perception threshold; SNC, sural nerve conduction; SNAP, sural nerve amplitude potential; SNCV, sural nerve conduction velocity; ESC, Electrochemical skin conduction; BPI, Brief Pain Inventory; MNSI, Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument questionnaire; CV, coefficient of variation; MAGE, mean amplitude of glucose excursions; CONGA, continuous overall net glycemic action.
Capillary blood glucose was divided into three groups: Hypoglycemia: <3.0 mmol/l, euglycemia: ≥3.0; ≤10.0 mmol/l, hyperglycemia: >10.0 mmol/l.