Table 1.

Increased mechanical loading and altered nerve function.

	Model of altered nerve function	Loading method	Effect on bone	References
Sensory nerves	↓Sensory function—perineural anesthesia of brachial plexus with bupivacaine in rats	Ulnar compression	↓Labeled bone area	(80)
	↓Sensory function—perineural anesthesia of brachial plexus with bupivacaine in rats	Ulnar compression	↓Labeled bone area	(82)
	↓Sensory function—inhibition of TrkA signaling by 1NMPP1 in mice	Ulnar compression	↓Bone formation rate ↓Wnt/β-catenin activity in osteocytes ↓Periosteal nerve sprouting	(19)
	↑Sensory function—exogenous NGF administration in mice	Ulnar compression	↑Bone formation rate ↑Wnt/β-catenin activity in osteocytes	(19)
	↓Sensory function—neonatal capsaicin treatment in mice	Tibial compression	↑Bone mineral content ↑Mineral apposition rate	(84)
Sympathetic nerves	↓Sympathetic function—guanethidine sulfate or propranolol treatment in mice	Tibial compression	No effect	(83)
	↓Sympathetic function—propranolol treatment in mice	Tibial compression	No effect	(85)
	↓Sympathetic function—propranolol treatment in ovariectomized rats	Treadmill exercise	↓Trabecular BV/TV and Tb.Th	(86)
	↑Sympathetic function—salbutamol treatment in rats	Treadmill exercise	↓MAR, Tb.Th, ultimate force, stiffness, Young's modulus	(53)
	↑Sympathetic function—salbutamol treatment in ovariectomized rats	Treadmill exercise	↓Trabecular BV/TV and Tb.Th	(87)
	↓Sympathetic function—genetic deletion of β1-adrenergic receptors and/or β2-adrenergic receptors in mice	Tibial compression	↓BMD, Tb.Th, MAR, BFR/BS in Adrb1−/− and Adrb1b2−/− mice	(88)