Table 2.
Pharmacokinetics of metformin in humans, horses and rats.
| Species | Cmax (µg/ml) | Tmax (h) | t1/2 (h) | Vd (L) | Cl (ml/min) | Bioavailability (%) | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IV | PO | |||||||
| Human | ND | ND | 1.5 ± 0.3 | 62.7 ± 7.7 | 440.8 ± 89 | * | Sirtori et al., 1978 | |
| Human | 1.5 ± 0.2 | 1.9 ± 0.4 | 2.6 ± 0.1 | ND | 444.0 ± 23.0 | 51.6 | Pentikäinen et al., 1979 | |
| Human | 3.2 ± 0.9 | 2.1 ± 0.8 | 5.2 ± 0.6 | ND | 322.0 ± 166.0 | 50-60 | Tucker et al., 1981 | |
| Human | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 2.4 ± 0.9 | 3.16 ± 0.4 | ND | ND | ND | Caillé et al., 1993 | |
| Human | 1.8 ± 0.2 | 2.6 ± 0.2 | 4.6 ± 0.7 | 367 ± 41.6 | 968.3 ± 91.7 | 12 | Sambol et al., 1996 | |
| Horses | ND | ND | 24.9 ± 0.4 | 141.3 ± 6€ | 5720 ± 524 | * | Hustace et al., 2009 | |
| Human | 1.9 | 1.6 | 2.0 | 148.3 ± 5.1£ | 50.0 ± 0.08¥ | ND | Wei et al., 2009 | |
| Human | 3.4 ± 0.6 | 2.3 ± 0.6 | 3.5 ± 1.5 | ND | ND | ND | Homsek et al., 2010 | |
| Human | 2.4 ± 1.0 | 1.9 ± 1.0 | 3.6 ± 1.0 | ND | ND | ND | Chen et al., 2011 | |
| Human | 1.0 | 4.0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | Hussey et al., 2013 | |
| Human | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 1.5 ± 1.0 | 3.5 ± 0.6 | ND | 967 ± 316 | ND | Kim et al., 2014 | |
| Rats | 2.5 ± 0.1 | 1.0 | 7.2 ± 0.5 | ND | ND | ND | Elango et al., 2015 | |
| Rats | ND | ND | 4.8 ± 2.5 | 2.3 ± 1.4€ | 29.5 ± 6.0§ | * | Gabr et al., 2017 | |
| Rats | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 2 | 3.4 ± 0.3 | ND | ND | ND | Paul et al., 2017 | |
| Human | 2.1 | ND | 4.8 | 197.3 | 28.6 ϕ | 95 | McCreight et al., 2018 | |
| Human | 1.9 ± 0.8 | 1.5 ± 1.0 | 3.1 ± 1.5 | ND | 430.3 ± 113.1 | ND | Chung et al., 2018 | |
| Human | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 3.5 ± 0.7 | 6.0 ± 0.6 | ND | ND | ND | Mohamed et al., 2019 | |
| Rats | 7.4 ± 0.8 | 1.0 | 2.8 ± 1.4 | ND | ND | ND | Wu et al., 2019 | |
| Rats | 2.3 ± 0.3 | 2.0 ± 0.4 | 2.8 ± 1.2 | 1.7 ± 0.3 | 0.93 ± 0.26ϕ | ND | Elgawish et al., 2019 | |
| Rats | 17.0 ± 5.7 | 2.3 ± 0.6 | 4.2 ± 1.1 | ND | 32 ± 11§ | ND | Lyu et al., 2019 | |
| Human | 3.2 ± 1.8 | 4.0 ± 0.6 | ND | ND | ND | ND | Nikolaidis et al., 2020 | |
Data are the mean ± standard error. ND, Not determined.
€L/kg, £µl, ¥ml/h, §ml/min/kg, ϕL/h, *100%.