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. 2020 Oct 6;10:16623. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-73658-0

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Quantitative analyses of the condylar veins and qualitative analyses of the craniocervical venous sinus and venous plexus. (A) The cross-sectional areas of the anterior condylar veins (A, n = 19, two-sided Wilcoxon signed-rank test, right, P = 0.00139; left, P = 0.0183) are significantly larger in the upright position than in supine position. The lateral and posterior condylar veins underwent no significant postural change. (B, Two-sided Wilcoxon signed-rank test, right: n = 19, P = 0.882; left: n = 16, P = 0.086. (C, Two-sided Wilcoxon signed-rank test, right: n = 12, P = 0.452; left: n = 9, P = 1.0) All P values were adjusted with the Bonferroni correction. In the box plots, the boxes represent the 25th-75th percentiles, the black line indicates the median, the red cross represents the mean, and the whiskers extend to the maximum and minimum values within 1.5 interquartile ranges below the first quartile or above the third quartile. Outliers are shown as black crosses. Increases and decreases from the supine position to the upright position are colored in red and blue, respectively. (D) McNemar–Bowker tests for correlated nominal scales were performed, and all venous structures except the pterygoid plexus showed significant changes in proportion between the supine and upright positions (right ACC: n = 20, P < 0.05; left ACC: n = 19, P < 0.05; right SOCS: n = 18, P < 0.05; left SOCS: n = 17, P < 0.005; right VAVP: n = 17, P < 0.01; left VAVP: n = 16, P < 0.005; marginal sinus: n = 19, P < 0.05; AIVVP: n = 19, P < 0.01; pterygoid plexus: n = 19, P = 0.61). Bonferroni-corrected post hoc McNemar tests were performed on three comparisons (−/+ , −/++, and +/++) in each vessel, and most venous structures showed significant change in the direction of distension (the direction from + to ++) from supine to upright postures (right ACC; +/++, P < 0.05, left ACC; −/+, P < 0.05, right VAVP; +/++, P < 0.01, left VAVP; +/++, P < 0.05, right SOCS; +/++, P < 0.05, left SOCS; +/++, P < 0.05, AIVVP; +/++, P < 0.05).