Table 1.
Demographics and baseline characteristics of the randomized participants in Intervention Groups.
| Characteristic | Plac (n = 103) | Prob (n = 102) | BBR (n = 98) | Prob + BBR (n = 106) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (IQR), years | 54 (46–61) | 54 (45–59) | 53 (42–61) | 53.5 (47–60) |
| Male sex, no. (%) | 61 (59.2) | 65 (63.7) | 59 (60.2) | 60 (56.6) |
| Diabetes duration, months | 5 (3–9) | 5 (3–10) | 6 (3–11) | 5 (3–11) |
| Body weight, kg | 72.1 ± 12.5 | 71.9 ± 11.8 | 71.1 ± 13.6 | 70.9 ± 11.1 |
| Body mass index, kg m−2a | 26.2 ± 3.43 | 25.6 ± 2.96 | 25.7 ± 3.43 | 25.5 ± 2.86 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 91.9 ± 9.0 | 91.6 ± 8.5 | 90.7 ± 9.6 | 90.6 ± 8.2 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 129.0 ± 14.2 | 128.6 ± 13.8 | 127.9 ± 14.5 | 126.0 ± 12.7 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 80.3 ± 8.9 | 80.5 ± 8.3 | 79.3 ± 9.3 | 78.7 ± 9.0 |
| HbA1c, %b | 7.81 ± 0.81 | 7.78 ± 0.82 | 7.68 ± 0.76 | 7.66 ± 0.82 |
| HbA1c, mmol/molc | 61.86 ± 14.64 | 61.53 ± 14.54 | 60.44 ± 15.19 | 60.22 ± 14.54 |
| Fasting plasma glucose, mmol L−1 | 8.13 ± 1.48 | 8.39 ± 1.55 | 8.16 ± 1.55 | 8.07 ± 1.32 |
| Post-load plasma glucose, mmol L−1 | 15.04 ± 2.58 | 14.80 ± 3.29 | 14.22 ± 3.23 | 14.39 ± 3.17 |
| Fasting serum insulin (IQR), μIU ml−1 | 11.75 (8.00–17.43) | 10.67 (8.55–15.16) | 9.96 (7.00–16.03) | 10.10 (7.54–14.00) |
| Post-load serum insulin (IQR), μIU ml−1 | 48.12 (35.99–82.90) | 45.27 (34.33–64.60) | 54.63 (31.27–69.77) | 44.40 (32.35–64.33) |
| Fasting serum C peptide (IQR), ng ml−1 | 2.73 (2.08–3.38) | 2.50 (2.08–3.29) | 2.53 (1.99–3.08) | 2.43 (2.11–3.25) |
| Post-load serum C peptide (IQR), ng ml−1 | 7.65 (5.86–9.58) | 7.06 (5.69–8.79) | 7.52 (5.83–9.16) | 7.11 (5.75–9.59) |
| Triglyceride (IQR), mmol L−1 | 1.44 (1.06–1.91) | 1.51 (1.02–2.40) | 1.54 (1.09–2.26) | 1.66 (1.19–2.35) |
| Total cholesterol, mmol L−1 | 5.18 ± 0.97 | 5.24 ± 1.04 | 4.99 ± 1.06 | 5.25 ± 0.94 |
| HDL cholesterol, mmol L−1 | 1.25 ± 0.28 | 1.20 ± 0.27 | 1.22 ± 0.28 | 1.19 ± 0.23 |
| LDL cholesterol, mmol L−1 | 3.33 ± 0.84 | 3.42 ± 0.86 | 3.22 ± 0.89 | 3.39 ± 0.80 |
| HOMA-IR (IQR)d | 4.45 (3.05–5.77) | 4.14 (2.98–5.70) | 3.74 (2.60–5.67) | 3.51 (2.55–4.85) |
| HOMA-β (IQR)e | 53.46 (33.10–91.25) | 44.07 (33.55–70.10) | 52.09 (31.44–76.21) | 49.62 (29.76–75.24) |
BBR berberine, IQR interquartile range, Prob Probiotics. No significant differences were observed among the four groups in any of the baseline characteristics. Data were presented as mean ± SD or median (IQR).
aBody mass index (BMI) is the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in metres.
bHbA1c is glycated haemoglobin, shown as the DCCT (Diabetes Control and Complications Trial) units.
cHbA1c is glycated haemoglobin, shown as the IFCC (International Federation of Clinical Chemistry) units.
dHOMA-IR refers to (Fasting serum insulin (μIU ml−1) × Fasting plasma glucose (mmol L−1))/22.5, homoeostasis model assessment index for assessing insulin resistance.
eHOMA-β, refer to (20 × Fasting serum insulin (μIU ml−1))/(Fasting plasma glucose (mmol L−1)− 3.5), homoeostasis model assessment index for assessing β-cell function.