Table 2.

Primary outcomes in all and older participants (age ≥ 50 years).

		HbA1c 0 w (%)	HbA1c 13 w (%)	Change in HbA1c (95% CI)a	Change in HbA1c (95% CI)b	Model 1		Model 2
						P-valuec	P-valued	P-valuec	P-valued
All participants
Plac		7.81 ± 0.81	7.23 ± 0.97	−0.59 (−0.75, −0.44)		/	5.99E − 04	/	6.31E − 04
Prob		7.78 ± 0.82	7.27 ± 0.90	−0.53 (−0.68, −0.37)	0.07 (−0.20, 0.34)	0.53	5.15E − 05	0.52	5.11E − 05
BBR		7.68 ± 0.76	6.71 ± 0.77	−0.99 (−1.16, −0.83)	−0.40 (−0.67, −0.13)	5.99E − 04	/	6.31E − 04	/
Prob + BBR		7.66 ± 0.82	6.62 ± 0.66	−1.04 (−1.19, −0.89)	−0.44 (−0.71, −0.18)	8.41E − 05	0.70	6.99E − 05	0.66
Age ≥ 50 years
Plac		7.76 ± 0.77	7.24 ± 1.13	−0.59 (−0.78, −0.39)		/	0.03	/	/
Prob		7.64 ± 0.69	7.07 ± 0.61	−0.52 (−0.72, −0.33)	0.06 (−0.26, 0.39)	0.65	8.65 E − 03	/	/
BBR		7.58 ± 0.69	6.82 ± 0.81	−0.90 (−1.10, −0.70)	−0.31 (−0.65, 0.02)	0.03	/	/	/
Prob + BBR		7.61 ± 0.73	6.62±0.57	−0.99 (−1.17, −0.82)	−0.41 (−0.72, −0.09)	2.39E − 03	0.48	/	/

BBR berberine treatment, HbA1c glycated haemoglobin, Plac placebo, Prob probiotics treatment, Prob + BBR berberine plus probiotics treatment.

Data were presented as mean ± SD. Model 1: analysis of variance (ANOVA) were performed to compare the Change in HbA1c between groups. Model 2: Multivariate ANOVA were performed to compare the Change in HbA1c between groups adjust for age group (age group defined as <50 and ≥50 years).

All P-values reported were two-sided for multiple comparisons using Bonferroni correction. A statistical significance level was set at P < 0.008.

^aThe values are least-squares means.

^bPlacebo subtracted change in HbA1c, least-squares means.

^cP-values refer to comparison of change in HbA1c between Plac group and the other groups using ANOVA on the basis of intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis.

^dP-values refer to comparison of change in HbA1c between BBR group and the other groups using ANOVA on the basis of ITT analysis.