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. 2020 Oct 6;10:16536. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-73739-0

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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A genetic landscape map based on COI mtDNA haplotypes overlaid onto a relief map of Europe. Black dots indicate sampling sites. Warmer colour (red) reflects high molecular divergence between neighbouring localities, while colder colour (blue) corresponds to areas of lower molecular divergence. (a) Map including all the sampling sites (498) and all haplotypes (691). (b) Map excluding highly divergent lineages endemic to the Carpathian, Dinaric and Pannonian regions (hotspots of most ancient divergence), to better illustrate the level of genetic divergence in the remaining area (469 haplotypes and 336 sites). Genetic distances were generated with Alleles in Space (AIS; https://www.marksgeneticsoftware.net) and maps created with QGIS 3.4.5 (https://www.qgis.org/fr/site/).