Table 1.

Disease syndromes in postmenopausal women⁴

Disease	Risk factor
Osteoporosis/osteopenia	Maternal history of hip fracture
Sarcopenia	Low albumin, stroke, hyperlipidemia
Osteosarcopenia (osteoporosis/osteopenia and sarcopenia)	Older age, female, high alcohol intake, oral glucocorticoids, menopause (females), low protein intake, low body mass index, current smoking status, low dietary calcium, low serum vitamin D, hyperparathyroidism, obesity, rheumatoid arthritis, living in residential aged-care facilities, chronic kidney disease, low mobility and function
Obesity	Ethnicity, reduced physical activity, reduced lean mass, reduced resting metabolic rate, genetics treatment with certain drugs e.g., steroids, insulin, glitazones
Osteosarcopenic obesity (osteoporosis/osteopenia and sarcopenia and obesity)	Aging, osteoporosis/osteopenia, sarcopenia, fat infiltration, fat redistribution