Table 1.
Summary of studies on HPD
| Variable | Wycherley et al. (2012)4 | Santesso et al. (2012)6 | Skov et al. (1999)7 | Weigle et al. (2005)8 | Westerterp- Plantenga et al. (2004)9 | Lejeune et al. (2005)10 | Clifton et al. (2008)11 | Layman et al. (2009)12 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Remark | Controlled, energy-restricted diet | Controlled, nonenergy-restricted diet | Ad libitum diet | Weight regain after initial weight loss was assessed | ||||
| Study design | Meta-analysis | Meta-analysis | Randomized parallel | Single-arm trial | Randomized parallel | Randomized parallel | Randomized parallel | Randomized parallel |
| Protein quantity (% of total energy) | ||||||||
| HPD | 27–35 | 16–45 | 25 | 30 | 18 | 18 | 34 | 30 |
| Control diet | 16–21 | 5–23 | 12 | - | 15 | 15 | 17 | 15 |
| Number | 1,063 | 1,577 | 65 | 19 | 148 | 113 | 79 | 130 |
| Duration (mo) | ≥1 | ≥1 | 6 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 15 | 12 |
| Body weight (kg) | –0.79 (–1.50 to –0.08) | –0.36 (–0.56 to –0.17) | –3.7 (–6.2 to –1.3) | –4.9± 0.5 | NS | –2.9 | NS | NS |
| BMI (kg/m2) | - | –0.37 (–0.56 to 0.19) | - | - | –0.9 –1.0 | - | - | |
| Waist circumference (cm) | - | –0.43 (–0.69 to –0.16) | - | - | –3.0 –1.7 | - | - | |
| Fat mass (kg) | –0.87 (–1.26 to –0.48) | - | –3.3 (–5.5 to –1.1) | –3.7± 0.4 | –3.4 | –2.6 | NS | –1.7 |
| FFM (kg) | 0.43 (0.09 to 0.78) | - | - | - | NS | NS | - | NS |
| REE (kJ/day) | 595.5 (67.0 to 1,124.1) | - | - | NS | NS | - | - | - |
| SBP (mmHg) | –0.21 (–0.32 to –0.09) | –0.21 (–0.32 to –0.09) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| DBP (mmHg) | –0.18 (–0.29 to –0.06) | –0.18 (–0.29 to –0.06) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| TC (mg/dL) | NS | NS | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | –20.3 (–29.2 to –10.6) | –45.1 (–69.0 to –21.2) | - | - | –16.6 | - | NS | - |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | NS | 9.6 (2.7 to 16.9) | - | - | - | - | NS | - |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | NS | NS | - | - | - | - | NS | - |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | NS | NS | - | NS | NS | NS | NS | - |
| Fasting insulin (μIU/mL) | NS | –0.03 (–0.05 to –0.01) | - | NS | NS | NS | - | - |
| HbA1c (%) | - | NS | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| FFA (μmol/L) | - | - | - | NS | NS | NS | NS | - |
| C-reactive protein (mmol/L) | - | NS | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Comment | 52% Less weight regain, only consisting of FFM | 64% Less weight regain, only consisting of FFM | Protein intake was directly related to weight loss and change. Lipids, glucose, insulin, and C-reactive protein all improved with weight loss. | For completers, the mean weight loss was 23% greater for HPD group. HPD group showed sustained favorable effects on serum triglycerides and HDL-C. |
Values are presented as mean (95% confidence interval) or mean± standard deviation.
HPD, high-protein diet; NS, not significant; BMI, body mass index; FFM, fat-free mass; REE, resting energy expenditure; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; FFA, free fatty acids.