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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Oct 7.
Published in final edited form as: Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2019;254:323–343. doi: 10.1007/164_2019_211

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

A general hypothetical framework of comparison of the therapeutic windows of MOP, NOP, and bifunctional NOP/MOP agonists based on current literature. Solid lines indicate the doses at which antinociception/analgesia occurs. Dashed lines indicate the doses at which side effects, especially respiratory depression and sedation, emerge. Reprinted with permission from Lin and Ko (2013)