Fig. 1.

Distributions of children within a simple artificial neural network trained on data from 530 children taken from the Centre for Attention, Learning and Memory (CALM) sample (Holmes, Bryant, the CALM Team, & Gathercole, 2019). Each node represents a profile learned by the algorithm, with spatially nearby nodes having more similar profiles. Therefore, the maps represent the multidimensional spaces that reflect the performance differences across the children. The left-most panel shows the best-matching unit for all children, and the subsequent panels show those for children with different diagnoses. The training data set included measures of fluid reasoning, vocabulary, verbal and spatial short-term and working memory, and phonological awareness (see also Astle, Bathelt, The CALM Team, & Holmes, 2019). ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; ASD = autism spectrum disorder.