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. 2020 Sep 1;10(9):2851–2864.

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Metformin and cGAMP treatment synergistically activated the STING/IRF3/IFN-β pathway in pancreatic cancer. A. Western blot analysis to show the protein expression level of STING, IRF3, and p-IRF3 in PANC-1, SW1990 and BxPC-3 cell lines treated with or without 2’3’-cGAMP (150 nM). GAPDH served as an internal reference. B. ELISA analysis to show the protein expression level of IFN-β in PANC-1, SW1990 and BxPC-3 cell lines treated with or without 2’3’-cGAMP (150 nM). Data presented as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001. C. Western blot analysis to show the protein expression level of STING, IRF3, and p-IRF3 in PANC-1, SW1990 and BxPC-3 cell lines treated with metformin (5 mM), 2’3’-cGAMP (150 nM) or combination of metformin (5 mM) and 2’3’-cGAMP (150 nM). D. ELISA analysis to show the protein expression level of IFN-β in PANC-1, SW1990 and BxPC-3 cell lines treated with metformin (5 mM), 2’3’-cGAMP (150 nM), or combination of metformin (5 mM) and 2’3’-cGAMP (150 nM). GAPDH served as an internal reference. **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001.