TABLE 2.

Physiological Functions of Chromogranin-A and its Derived Peptides in Intestinal Homeostasis

Molecule	Physiological Functions
CgA	Hormone and/or neuropeptide storage and release, gut microbiota composition, mucosal immunity, Ca2+ homeostasis
VS	Regulate intestinal permeability, repair intestinal mucosa, intestinal inflammation, GI motility
CST	Modulate leptin signaling, intestinal inflammation
CHR	Regulate GI motility, intestinal inflammation, epithelial tight junctions
PST	Regulate insulin secretion, gastric acid secretion, intestinal inflammation
Prochromacin	Antimicrobial activities
WE-14	Regulate intestinal inflammation
Parastatin	Regulate inflammation through vitamin D metabolic pathway
Serpinin	Regulate plasmin-induced inflammation and decrease cell death

Abbreviation: WE-14, a neuropeptide derived from the post-translational processing of CgA.