Loss of airway smooth muscle cell differentiation led to increased BMP activity in the main airway. (A) Heatmap of RNA-seq data showing groups of significantly downregulated genes, by an adjusted p-value less than 0.05, in the MyocdCKO E13.5 lung. (B) qRT-PCR quantification of relative mRNA levels of BMP4 antagonists Chrdl1 and Grem2 in control and MyocdCKO lungs at E13.5. *: p<0.05, ***: p<0.0005. (C-F) Confocal images of 20 μm thick cryosections of the main pulmonary airway in E13.5 left lung showing immunofluorescent detection of ACTA2 (magenta) and BMP activity indicator pSMAD1/5/8 (green). Dashed lines represent the outline of the main pulmonary airway. Scalebar: 200 μm. (E,F) Magnified images of the first proximal branches region of C, D, respectively. (G) Quantification showing increased pSMAD1/5/8 signal in the main airways in MyocdCKO compared to control. ***: p<0.0005. Data are represented as individual points for each biological sample ± SD.