Table 1.
Demographic, clinical, and microbiological characteristics of 2827 HAP patients
| Variable | Survivora n = 2441(%) |
Non-survivorb n = 386 (%) |
p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age | 65.0 (52.0–76.0) | 70.0 (57.0–79.0) | <0.001* |
| Male sex | 1705 (69.8) | 272 (70.5) | 0.806 |
| Smoking habit (current or former) | 663 (27.2) | 117 (30.3) | 0.198 |
| Alcohol abuse (current or former) | 415 (17.0) | 77 (19.9) | 0.156 |
| Pre-existing medical conditions | |||
| Structural lung disease | 424 (17.4) | 79 (20.5) | 0.139 |
| Congestive heart failure | 78 (3.2) | 15 (3.9) | 0.480 |
| Renal disease requiring dialysis | 25 (1.0) | 7 (1.8) | 0.173 |
| Use of an active immunosuppressant agent | 410 (16.8) | 121 (31.3) | <0.001* |
| Diabetes | 392 (16.1) | 79 (20.5) | 0.031* |
| Autoimmune disease | 100 (4.1) | 24 (6.2) | 0.059 |
| Liver cirrhosis | 32 (1.3) | 6 (1.6) | 0.700 |
| Solid tumor | 390 (16.0) | 93 (24.1) | <0.001* |
| Hematopoietic tumor | 62 (2.5) | 11 (2.8) | 0.722 |
| Coma | 435 (17.8) | 137 (35.5) | <0.001* |
| Absolute neutrophil count <500 cells/μL | 54 (2.2) | 11 (2.8) | 0.438 |
| Splenectomy | 12 (0.5) | 1 (0.3) | 0.531 |
| CPIS score | 6.0 (5.0–8.0) | 7.0 (6.0–9.0) | <0.001* |
| Infection occurred within 72 h of admission | 476 (19.5) | 78 (20.2) | 0.745 |
| Invasive procedure | |||
| Tracheal cannula | 914 (37.4) | 238 (61.7) | <0.001* |
| Time of tracheal cannula ≥7 days | 634 (26.0) | 169 (43.8) | <0.001* |
| Hospitalizations within the last 90 days | 765 (31.3) | 151 (39.1) | 0.002* |
| Infection occurred in ICU | 854 (35.0) | 214 (55.4) | <0.001* |
| Surgery within the last 30 days | 609 (24.9) | 104 (26.9) | 0.402 |
| Transferred from other hospitals | 742 (30.4) | 153 (39.6) | <0.001* |
| Bacteria species and resistance | |||
| Acinetobacter baumannii | 645 (26.4) | 104 (26.9) | 0.830 |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 518 (21.2) | 68 (17.6) | 0.105 |
| Enterobacterales | 826 (33.8) | 107 (27.7) | 0.018* |
| Staphylococcus aureus | 306 (12.5) | 62 (16.1) | 0.056 |
| MDR bacteria | 1172 (48.0) | 216 (56.0) | <0.001* |
| CRAB | 420 (17.2) | 75 (19.4) | 0.286 |
| CRPA | 212 (8.7) | 27 (7.0) | 0.268 |
| CRE | 31 (1.3) | 3 (0.8) | 0.409 |
| MRSA | 219 (9.0) | 51 (13.2) | 0.008* |
| Recent antibiotic exposure (<30 days) | |||
| First- or second-generation cephalosporins | 233 (9.5) | 53 (13.7) | 0.016* |
| Third- or fourth-generation cephalosporins | 634 (26.0) | 111 (28.8) | 0.306 |
| Penicillins | 221 (9.1) | 45 (11.7) | 0.103 |
| Aminoglycosides | 146 (6.0) | 14 (3.6) | 0.063 |
| Quinolones | 458 (18.8) | 94 (24.4) | 0.010* |
| Macrolides | 96 (3.9) | 19 (4.9) | 0.361 |
| Tetracyclines | 27 (1.1) | 4 (1.0) | 0.902 |
| Carbapenems | 440 (18.0) | 95 (24.6) | 0.002* |
| Glycopeptides | 246 (10.1) | 52 (13.5) | 0.044* |
| Antibiotic combination | 488 (20.0) | 95 (3.9) | 0.037* |
HAP hospital-acquired pneumonia, CPIS clinical pulmonary infection score, ICU intensive care unit, MDR multidrug-resistant, CRAB carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, CRPA carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, CRE carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales, MRSA methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
*Statistically significant (p < 0.05)
a,bData are presented as number (%) or median (IQR)