Table 7.
Summary of reductive catalytic fractionation in inert atmosphere.
|
Biomass feedstock |
Solvent |
Catalyst/ additive |
T [°C] |
t [h] |
Gas/pressure |
Monomer yield [wt %] |
Major products[a] |
Carbohydrate retention [wt %] |
Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
birch |
MeOH |
Ni/C |
200 |
6 |
1 atm Ar |
54 |
PG, PS |
‐ |
[117] |
|
|
EtOH |
|
|
|
|
48 |
PG, PS |
|
|
|
|
iPrOH |
|
|
|
|
27 |
PG, PS, PenG, PenS |
|
|
|
birch |
MeOH |
Ni/C |
200 |
6 |
2 bar N2 |
32 |
PG, PS, |
‐ |
[118] |
|
poplar |
|
|
|
|
|
26 |
PenG, PenS |
|
|
|
eucalyptus |
|
|
|
|
|
28 |
PenG, PenS |
|
|
|
birch |
MeOH/H2O (1 : 2 mol/mol) |
Pt/γ‐Al2O3 |
230 |
3 |
30 bar N2 |
49 |
PG, PS |
glucan 41 xylan <1 |
[91a] |
|
birch |
EtOH/water (1 : 1 v/v) |
Pd/C |
195 |
1 |
4 bar Ar |
49 |
PenS |
‐ |
[90] |
|
pine |
|
|
|
|
|
23 |
PenG |
|
|
|
s‐birch |
EtOH/water (1 : 1 v/v) |
Pd/C |
210 |
15 |
Ar |
36 mol % |
PS, PenS |
glucan 81.5 xylan 2.4 |
[91b] |
|
f‐birch |
|
|
|
|
|
35 mol % |
PS, PenS |
glucan 80.9 xylan 2.1 |
|
|
poplar |
|
|
|
|
|
22 mol % |
PG, PS |
glucan 81.1 xylan 1.0 |
|
|
spruce |
|
|
|
|
|
12 mol % |
PG |
glucan 76.1 xylan 1.0 |
|
|
pine |
|
|
|
|
|
7 mol % |
PG |
glucan 76.4 xylan 1.1 |
|
|
birch |
EtOH/H2O (1 : 1 v/v) |
Ar |
200 |
4 |
Co‐phen/C |
34 |
PS, PenS |
glucan 18.5 xylan 1.3 |
[119] |
[a] PG: 4‐propyl guaiacol; PS: 4‐propyl syringol; PenG: 4‐propenyl guaiacol; PenS: 4‐propenyl syringol.